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<h2><span style="font-size:14pt;"><strong>Semillas de He shou wu, Fo-Ti (Polygonum multiflorum)</strong></span></h2>
<h2><span style="font-size:14pt;color:#ff0000;"><strong>Precio por paquete de 5 semillas.</strong></span></h2>
<p><em>Polygonum multiflorum</em> (Fo-ti) is a popular herb in traditional Chinese medicine. Commonly known as He shou wu in China and Fo-ti in North America, studies have shown this herb to be beneficial in the treatment of cancer, <a href="https://www.selfdecode.com/disease/diabetes-mellitus/?utm_source=seo&utm_medium=selfhacked&utm_campaign=id00002">diabetes</a>, hair loss, hardening of the arteries, and neurodegenerative diseases.</p>
<p><strong>What is Fo-Ti?</strong></p>
<p><em>Polygonum multiflorum</em> Thunb. (<em>P. multiflorum</em>) or <em>Fallopia maltiflora</em> is officially listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and is one of the most popular herbs in Chinese medicines [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4471648/">R</a>].</p>
<p>In North America, it is commonly known as <a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/fo-ti-polygonum-multiflorum-miracle-herb-death-trap/">Fo-ti</a>.</p>
<p>It is widely cultivated throughout China and other countries such as Japan, where it grows in valley shrubs, hillside forests, gutter rock crevices and other locations at altitudes of 200-3000 m [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25449462">R</a>].</p>
<p>The plant grows to be 2-4 m tall consisting of a woody tuber, leaves that are 3-7 cm long and arrowhead-shaped, white or greenish-white flowers that are 6-7 mm in diameter and an achene fruit 2.5-3 mm in length [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25449462">R</a>].</p>
<p>Over the years, parts of Fo-ti have been used for different medicinal purposes.</p>
<p>The leaves, root tuber, and rhizomes have been used as a tonic in the anti-aging formula while the stem has been used to alleviate <a href="https://www.selfdecode.com/disease/insomnia/?utm_source=seo&utm_medium=selfhacked&utm_campaign=id00002">insomnia</a> and to help treat diabetes [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26130933">R</a>].</p>
<p><strong>Chemical Constituents of Fo-ti</strong></p>
<p>More than 100 chemical compounds have been isolated from Fo-ti, and the most biologically relevant components have been determined to be from the families of stilbenes, quinones, flavonoids, and phospholipids.</p>
<p>Processing Fo-ti, as opposed to using the raw herb, influences the amount and type of chemical constituents found in the plant [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2930642/">R</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21674436">R</a>].</p>
<p>The toxicity of processed Fo-ti is lower than that of the crude herb and this may be associated with the decreased levels of some of the components after processing [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22210538">R</a>].</p>
<p>Additionally, processing of Fo-ti resulted in the formation of five new chemicals that were not identified in the crude herb [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25449462">R</a>].</p>
<p>Refer to the technical section for the full names of these new chemicals and for an extensive list of the chemical constituents of Fo-ti view the article by Lin <em>et al.</em> (2015) [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25449462">R</a>].</p>
<p>Two of the best-studied constituents of Fo-ti include 2,3,5,40-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG) and <a href="https://www.selfdecode.com/chemical/emodin/?utm_source=seo&utm_medium=selfhacked&utm_campaign=id00002">emodin</a>.</p>
<p><strong>Pharmacokinetics of Fo-ti</strong></p>
<p>Only limited data about certain constituents of Fo-ti is available.</p>
<p>Rats rapidly absorb TSG into its bodily fluid and quickly eliminated, distributing through the liver and lung but hardly through the blood-brain and blood-testicle barriers [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21679759">R</a>].</p>
<p><a href="https://www.selfdecode.com/chemical/emodin/?utm_source=seo&utm_medium=selfhacked&utm_campaign=id00002">Emodin</a> is found primarily in the liver and brain [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23069945">R</a>].</p>
<p><strong>Health Benefits of Fo-ti</strong></p>
<p>Fo-ti exhibits a wide spectrum of pharmacological effects, including anti-aging, immunologic, neuroprotective, anticancer and <a href="https://www.selfdecode.com/health-effect/anti-inflammatory/?utm_source=seo&utm_medium=selfhacked&utm_campaign=id00002">anti-inflammatory</a> effects.</p>
<p>However, few clinical studies have been conducted to evaluate the traditional therapeutic claims and to understand the medical potential of its bioactive compounds.</p>
<p><strong>Immune-Supporting Effects of Fo-ti</strong></p>
<p><strong>1) Anti-inflammatory Effects of Fo-ti</strong></p>
<p>TSG and emodin in Fo-ti can decrease inflammation and help with colitis in mouse models by increasing <a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/ppargamma-role-weight-gain-inflammation-natural-activators/">PPAR-gamma</a> and decreasing NF-kB [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25449462">R</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26130933">R</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17963744">R</a>].</p>
<p>In mice, A methanol extract of Fo-ti has an anti-inflammatory effect on mouse macrophage cells that are stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (a bacterial toxin from harmful bacteria).</p>
<p>This Fo-ti extract inhibited <a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/nuclear-factor-kappa-beta/">NF-kB</a> activation and thus reduced nitric oxide, <a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/cox2-natural-cox2-inhibitors/">COX-2</a> enzyme, and inflammatory cytokines like <a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/supplements-lifestyle-factors-influence-tnf-interleukin-6-il-6/">TNF-alpha</a> and IL-6 [<a href="http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/ArticleFullRecord.jsp?cn=E1HSBY_2009_v15n2_83">R</a>].</p>
<p><a href="https://www.selfdecode.com/chemical/emodin/?utm_source=seo&utm_medium=selfhacked&utm_campaign=id00002">Emodin</a> protects microglia cells in the brain from inflammation due to lipopolysaccharides through <a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/natural-ampk-activators/">AMPK</a>/<a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/about-nrf2-and-natural-ways-to-increase-it/">Nrf2</a> activation [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27538959">R</a>].</p>
<p><strong>2) Fo-ti Promotes Good Immune Function</strong></p>
<p>The sugars (rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, and <a href="https://www.selfdecode.com/chemical/glucose/?utm_source=seo&utm_medium=selfhacked&utm_campaign=id00002">glucose</a>) and anthraquinone glycosides found within Fo-ti can improve immune response and overall immune system function (immunomodulatory effect).</p>
<p>Fo-ti boosts the immune system by increasing the production of T and B cells, and improving the activities of the immune cells, as well as increasing the secretion of the inflammatory tumor necrosis factor.</p>
<p>Further, Fo-ti increases the activity of natural killer (NK) cells [<a href="http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-ZYYL200606014.htm">R</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25449462">R</a>].</p>
<p><strong>3) Fo-ti May be Effective against MRSA</strong></p>
<p>Fo-ti has anti-bacterial activity against methicillin-resistant <em>Staphylocuccus aureus</em> (MRSA) in a cell-based study [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18804522/">R</a>].</p>
<p><strong>4) Fo-ti has Antiviral activities</strong></p>
<p>Fo-ti exhibited anti-<a href="https://www.selfdecode.com/trait/hiv-1-infection/?utm_source=seo&utm_medium=selfhacked&utm_campaign=id00002">HIV</a> by preventing the virus from entering <a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/lymphocytes/">lymphocytes</a> in a cell-based study [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20112182/">R</a>].</p>
<p>Emodin blocks binding of SARS coronavirus human cells in a cell-based study [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16730806">R</a>].</p>
<p><strong>5) Fo-ti May Help with Asthma</strong></p>
<p>In a mouse model of <a href="https://www.selfdecode.com/disease/asthma/?utm_source=seo&utm_medium=selfhacked&utm_campaign=id00002">asthma</a>, Fo-ti decreases airway allergic symptoms [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26916919">R</a>].</p>
<p><strong>Antioxidant Activities of Fo-ti</strong></p>
<p><strong>6) Fo-ti Protects the <a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/regenerate-liver-naturally-6-step-program/">Liver</a></strong></p>
<p>The anthraquinones and polysaccharides found in Fo-ti<em> </em>protect the liver by reducing inflammation, preventing fat oxidation, and increasing <a href="https://www.selfdecode.com/health-effect/antioxidant/?utm_source=seo&utm_medium=selfhacked&utm_campaign=id00002">antioxidant</a> effects [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22103790">R</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25449462">R</a>].</p>
<p>Pre-treating rats with 200 mg/kg <a href="https://www.selfdecode.com/chemical/water/">water</a> extract of Fo-ti protect the rats against chloroform-induced liver toxicity and significantly reduced plasma <a href="https://www.selfdecode.com/measurement/serum-alanine-aminotransferase-measurement/?utm_source=seo&utm_medium=selfhacked&utm_campaign=id00002">ALT</a> (a liver enzyme that indicates liver damage) as well as improved <a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/30-scientifically-proven-health-benefits-glutathione/">glutathione</a> levels and other oxidative stress markers. However, increasing the dose to 400 mg/kg did not protect the liver against chloroform toxicity, and at 4000 mg/kg, Fo-ti damaged the liver [<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573(199702)11:1%3C42::AID-PTR940%3E3.0.CO;2-5/abstract">R</a>].</p>
<p><strong>7) Fo-ti May Protect the Bone from Oxidative Stress</strong></p>
<p>TSG from Fo-ti extract protects the bone-making cells (osteoblasts) from oxidative damage in a cell-based study, suggesting that TSG may protect against <a href="https://www.selfdecode.com/disease/osteoporosis/?utm_source=seo&utm_medium=selfhacked&utm_campaign=id00002">osteoporosis</a> due to <a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/oxidative-stress-101/">oxidative stress</a> [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22683865">R</a>].</p>
<p>Hot water extract of Fo-ti prevents bone loss (osteopenia) from mice with that lose bone mass from having their ovaries removed [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27746822">R</a>].</p>
<p><strong>8) Fo-ti Protects Tissues Oxidation in Diabetes</strong></p>
<p>2,3,5,4′-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside protects against kidney damage from high blood sugar in <a href="https://www.selfdecode.com/disease/diabetes-mellitus/?utm_source=seo&utm_medium=selfhacked&utm_campaign=id00002">diabetic</a> mice through <a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/nad-and-sirt1-their-role-in-chronic-health-issues/">SIRT1</a> and <a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/tgf/">TGF</a>-beta1 pathways [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27747335">R</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20854812">R</a>].</p>
<p>Stilbene glucoside from Fo-ti inhibits tissue aging due to high blood sugar (formation of advanced glycation end product) [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20104848">R</a>].</p>
<p><strong>Neuroprotective effects of Fo-ti</strong></p>
<p><strong>9) Fo-ti May Help with Alzheimer’s Disease</strong></p>
<p>In a mouse model of <a href="https://www.selfdecode.com/disease/alzheimer-disease/?utm_source=seo&utm_medium=selfhacked&utm_campaign=id00002">Alzheimer’s</a>, tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside from Fo-ti helps with memory deficit [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16901557/">R</a>].</p>
<p>A small Chinese clinical trial found that Fo-ti extract is effective against Alzheimer’s disease [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20622335/">R</a>].</p>
<p>Tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside helps slow down age-related memory loss in rats [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17935895/">R</a>].</p>
<p>In a cell-based study, treatment with a Fo-ti root extract reduced <a href="https://www.selfdecode.com/disease/plaque-amyloid/?utm_source=seo&utm_medium=selfhacked&utm_campaign=id00002">amyloid plaque</a> that can cause Alzheimer‘s disease [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21920424">R</a>].</p>
<p>Emodin, a chemical found in Fo-ti, inhibits the enzyme that breaks down <a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/acetylcholine/">acetylcholine</a>, which might be how it helps with cognitive function in a similar manner to Huperzine A and some Alzheimer‘s drugs [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25449462">R</a>].</p>
<p><strong>10) Fo-ti May Help with Parkinson’s Disease</strong></p>
<p>In mouse models of Parkinson’s Disease, TSG and an ethanol extract of Fo-ti protects dopaminergic neurons from chemical-induced damage [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23911879/">R</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16214209/">R</a>].</p>
<p><strong>11) Fo-ti Protects the Brain from <a href="https://www.selfdecode.com/disease/stroke/?utm_source=seo&utm_medium=selfhacked&utm_campaign=id00002">Stroke</a></strong></p>
<p>Hexane extracts of Fo-ti can protect against tissue damage following stroke in mice and thus may have clinical applications as a protective agent against neurological injury [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24534954">R</a>].</p>
<p><strong>12) Fo-ti Protects Against Glutamate-Induced Toxicity</strong></p>
<p>In a cell-based study, Fo-ti protects neuronal cells from the hippocampus against <a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/glutamate/">glutamate</a> toxicity, suggesting that it can help with cognitive disorders, especially ones that involve memory loss [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27939422">R</a>].</p>
<p><strong>Fo-ti and Cardiovascular Risks</strong></p>
<p><strong>13) Fo-ti Helps Reduces <a href="https://www.selfdecode.com/chemical/cholesterol/?utm_source=seo&utm_medium=selfhacked&utm_campaign=id00002">Cholesterol</a></strong></p>
<p>Fo-ti can reduce cholesterol and <a href="https://www.selfdecode.com/chemical/triglycerides/?utm_source=seo&utm_medium=selfhacked&utm_campaign=id00002">triglycerides</a> in people with high cholesterol [<a href="https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2014/365742/">R</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26130933">R</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24680992">R</a>].</p>
<p>However, further research is required to understand how Fo-ti helps reduce cholesterol.</p>
<p><strong>14) Fo-ti Helps Prevent Hardening of the Arteries</strong></p>
<p>TSG<em> </em>can prevent hardening of the arteries by reducing lipid levels in the blood, reduce inflammation and normalize the structure of the blood vessel via a reduction in the expression of MMP-2 and <a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/mmp9/">MMP-9</a> genes [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17973930">R</a>].</p>
<p><strong>15) Fo-ti has Protective Effects in Blood-Clotting Disorders</strong></p>
<p>Thromboembolic (blood-clotting) disorders are caused by loose blood clots that form in a blood vessel and are carried by the bloodstream into another vessel that subsequently becomes blocked.</p>
<p>This often happens in the lungs (pulmonary embolism), brain (stroke), gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, or leg. This phenomenon is known as <a href="https://www.selfdecode.com/disease/thromboembolism/?utm_source=seo&utm_medium=selfhacked&utm_campaign=id00002">thromboembolism</a>.</p>
<p>The chemical 2,3,5,4′-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside isolated from Fo-ti can prevent abnormal blood clotting [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24332167">R</a>].</p>
<p><strong>16) Fo-ti<em> </em>Protects the Heart</strong></p>
<p>In rats, TSG protected the heart from squeezing pressure around the abdomen [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24431015">R</a>].</p>
<p>In a heart attack model, Fo-ti stilbene glycoside can protect against cell injury from lack of oxygen or blood flow by increasing the levels of cellular antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase, <a href="https://www.selfdecode.com/gene/gpx1/?utm_source=seo&utm_medium=selfhacked&utm_campaign=id00002">glutathione peroxidase</a>, and the nitric oxide pathways [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20228828">R</a>].</p>
<p><strong>17) Fo-ti Helps with Fructose-Induced Metabolic Syndrome</strong></p>
<p>Fo-ti, together with red <a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/ginseng/">ginseng</a>, helps with fructose-induced metabolic syndrome by improving high blood pressure, <a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/132-biological-mechanisms-for-weight-modulation/">obesity</a>, high blood lipids, inflammation of the blood vessels, and <a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/top-tips-for-fixing-insulin-resistance/">insulin sensitivity</a> [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26961224">R</a>].</p>
<p><strong>Other</strong></p>
<p><strong>18) Fo-ti Helps Prevent Cancer</strong></p>
<p>These anthraquinones induce apoptosis (cell death) in cancer cells and activate the <a href="https://www.selfdecode.com/gene/PIK3CA/?utm_source=seo&utm_medium=selfhacked&utm_campaign=id00002">PI3K</a>/<a href="https://www.selfdecode.com/gene/akt1/">AKT</a>/<a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/mtor-natural-mtor-inhibitors/">mTOR</a> pathways which are abnormal in many human cancers [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25449462">R</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21874249">R</a>].</p>
<p>Emodin and <a href="https://www.selfdecode.com/chemical/aloe-emodin/?utm_source=seo&utm_medium=selfhacked&utm_campaign=id00002">aloe</a>-emodin can inhibit cell growth (by inhibiting apoptosis) of human cervical cancer cells, human tongue cancer cells, neuroblastoma cells, and <a href="https://www.selfdecode.com/disease/melanoma/?utm_source=seo&utm_medium=selfhacked&utm_campaign=id00002">melanoma</a> cells [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25449462">R</a>].</p>
<p>It could significantly reduce colon tumor volume and weight in mice [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22321733">R</a>].</p>
<p>Emodin enhanced tumor cell death of gallbladder cancer cells that are injected into mice [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21769433">R</a>].</p>
<p><strong>19) Fo-ti Helps with Insomnia and <a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/health-benefits-sleep/">Sleep</a> Disorders</strong></p>
<p>Fo-ti extracts are commonly prescribed in Taiwan for the treatment of insomnia [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19339485/">R</a>].</p>
<p>Additionally, although the evidence is insufficient, <em>P. multiflorum</em> may ease the <a href="https://www.selfdecode.com/disease/anxiety-disorder/?utm_source=seo&utm_medium=selfhacked&utm_campaign=id00002">anxiety</a> and insomnia experienced by patients with <a href="https://www.selfdecode.com/disease/bipolar-disorder/?utm_source=seo&utm_medium=selfhacked&utm_campaign=id00002">bipolar</a> disorder [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24947278/">R</a>].</p>
<p><strong>20) Fo-ti Helps With Hair Growth</strong></p>
<p>Fo-ti has traditionally been used to treat patients suffering from baldness and hair loss throughout East Asia.</p>
<p>This traditional use of the herb has been substantiated by a study conducted in mice showing that <em>P. multiflorum</em> extracts promote hair growth by inducing the anagen phase in resting hair follicles [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21419834">R</a>].</p>
<p>Torachrysone-8-O-β-D-glucoside, a compound found in <em>P. multiflorum</em>, can significantly increase the number of dermal papilla cells which play a role in hair growth and hair fiber length [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23896496">R</a>].</p>
<p><strong>Potential Side Effects and Toxicity</strong></p>
<p><strong>Liver Toxicity of Fo-ti</strong></p>
<p>The best-known toxicity of <em>P. multiflorum</em> is the induction of hepatotoxicity [<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cld.386/full">R</a>]. Hepatotoxicity induced by <em>P. multiflorum </em>can be severe and even result in death.</p>
<p>Several cases of hepatotoxicity due to <em>P. multiflorum</em> have been reported in patients from Australia, China, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands and Slovakia who were taking the product for hair loss, chronic prostatitis or to boost the immune system [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26130933">R</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24559819">R</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23691566">R</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22195249">R</a>].</p>
<p>The main chemicals responsible for the hepatotoxicity of <em>P. multiflorum</em> are free anthraquinones such as emodin and physcion [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20550878">R</a>]. The toxicity of emodin has been detailed by the U.S. National Toxicology Program [<a href="https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/lt_rpts/tr493.pdf">R</a>].</p>
<p>The hepatotoxicity of the water extract is higher than that of the ethanol and acetone extracts of <em>P. multiflorum</em>. Processing of <em>P. multiflorum</em> also decreased hepatotoxicity [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26130933">R</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25449462">R</a>].</p>
<p><strong>Kidney and Lung Toxicity of Fo-ti</strong></p>
<ol><li><em> multiflorum</em> is also toxic to the kidneys (nephrotoxicity) and the lungs (pulmonary toxicity), particularly after long-term use.</li>
<li><em> multiflorum</em> causes embryonic toxicity in mice and may affect embryonic development, suggesting that it may not be safe for pregnant women.</li>
</ol><p>Warfarin (prescribed to prevent the formation of blood clots) may interact negatively with <em>P. multiflorum </em>resulting in bone marrow suppression [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25449462">R</a>].</p>
<p><strong>Technical</strong></p>
<ul><li>The underlying mechanisms of <em>P. multiflorum </em>may be related to the antioxidant effects of TSG, a decrease of the <a href="https://www.selfdecode.com/gene/AGTR1/">angiotensin II</a> level, suppression of transforming growth factor-β1 expression, and inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and <a href="http://www.selfdecode.com/gene/map3k3/?utm_source=seo&utm_medium=selfhacked&utm_campaign=id00002">p38</a> mitogen-activated protein kinase activation.</li>
<li>Cardiac remodeling refers to the changes in size, shape, structure, and function of the heart and is usually a pathological result of an injury to the heart muscle.</li>
<li>Several studies have demonstrated that the anti-inflammatory effects of <em>P. multiflorum</em> occur through inhibition of the expression of pro-inflammatory signaling factors such as nuclear factor-κB, tumor necrosis factor-α, inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, chemokines, and cytokines (<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25449462">R</a>, <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26130933">R1</a>).</li>
<li>Additionally, other markers of diabetes, including the expression of TGF-β1, <a href="https://www.selfdecode.com/gene/cox2/?utm_source=seo&utm_medium=selfhacked&utm_campaign=id00002">COX-2</a>, and <a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/nad-and-sirt1-their-role-in-chronic-health-issues/">SIRT1</a> genes, were found to significantly improve in TSG-treated diabetic rats [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20854812">R</a>].</li>
<li>Full chemical names for the compounds found in <em>P. multiflorum </em>after processing: 2,3-dihydro-3,5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4(H)-pyran-4-one, hydroxymaltol, 5-hydroxym ethyl-furfural, butanedioic acid, and 5-dihydroxy-6-methyl-4(H)-pyran-4-one</li>
<li>P. multiflorum boosts the immune system by accelerating the production of T and B lymphocytes, initiating the mixed <a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/lymphocytes/">lymphocyte</a> reaction, improving macrophage phagocytosis, and increasing secretion of tumor necrosis factor (<a href="https://selfhacked.com/blog/supplements-lifestyle-factors-influence-tnf-interleukin-6-il-6/">TNF</a>).</li>
</ul><p><strong>Other names for <em>P. multiflorum </em>include:</strong></p>
<p>Chinese Cornbind, Chinese Knotweed, Climbing Knotweed, Fallopia multiflora, Flowery Knotweed, Fo Ti Tieng, <strong>Fo-Ti,</strong> He Shou Wu, Ho Shou Wu, Multiflora Preparata, Poligonum, Poligonum Multiflorum, Polygonum,Polygonum Multiflorum Thunberg, Racine de Renouée Multiflore, Radix Polygoni Multiflori, Radix Polygoni Shen Min, Renouée, Renouée à Fleurs Nombreuses, Renouée de Chine, Renouée Multiflore, Reynoutria multiflora (Thunb), Rhizoma Polygonata, Shen Min, Shou Wu, Shou Wu Pian, Tuber Fleeceflower, Zhihe Shou Wu, Zi Shou Wu</p>
MHS 110 (5 S)