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<h2><strong>Black Amber Cane Sorghum Seeds (Sorghum Bicolor)</strong></h2>
<h2><span style="color: #ff0000;"><strong>Price for Package of 10 seeds.</strong></span></h2>
<p><i><b>Sorghum bicolor</b></i>, commonly called<span> </span><b>sorghum</b><span> </span>(<span class="nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt">/<span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</span></span>) and also known as<span> </span><b>great millet</b>,<span> </span><i><b>durra</b></i>,<span> </span><i><b>jowari</b></i>, or<span> </span><b>milo</b>, is a<span> </span>grass<span> </span>species cultivated for its<span> </span>grain, which is used for food for humans, animal feed, and ethanol production. Sorghum originated in Africa, and is now cultivated widely in tropical and subtropical regions.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference">[4]</sup><span> </span>Sorghum<span> </span>is the world's fifth-most important<span> </span>cereal<span> </span>crop after<span> </span>rice,<span> </span>wheat,<span> </span>maize, and<span> </span>barley.<span> </span><i>S. bicolor</i><span> </span>is typically an annual, but some cultivars are perennial. It grows in clumps that may reach over 4 m high. The grain is small, ranging from 2 to 4 mm in diameter.<span> </span>Sweet sorghums<span> </span>are sorghum cultivars that are primarily grown for forage, syrup production, and ethanol; they are taller than those grown for grain.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_5-0" class="reference"></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"></sup></p>
<p><i>S. bicolor</i><span> </span>is the cultivated species of sorghum; its wild relatives make up the botanical genus<span> </span><i>Sorghum</i>.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Cultivation">Cultivation</span></h2>
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<div class="thumbinner"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Sorghum_head_in_India.jpg/220px-Sorghum_head_in_India.jpg" width="220" height="179" class="thumbimage">
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Seed head of sorghum in India</div>
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Sorghum with a recurved peduncle trait, Turpan basin, Xinjiang, China In some varieties and in certain conditions, the heavy panicle will make the young soft peduncle bend, which then will lignify in this position. Combined with awned inflorescence, this forms a two-fold defence against birds.</div>
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<p>The leading producers of<span> </span><i>S. bicolor</i><span> </span>in 2011 were Nigeria (12.6%), India (11.2%), Mexico (11.2%), and the United States (10.0%).<sup id="cite_ref-AGMRC_7-0" class="reference">[7]</sup><span> </span>Sorghum grows in a wide range of temperatures, high altitudes, and toxic soils, and can recover growth after some drought.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_5-1" class="reference">[5]</sup><span> </span>It has five features that make it one of the most drought-resistant crops:</p>
<ul>
<li>It has a very large root-to-leaf surface area ratio.</li>
<li>In times of drought, it rolls its leaves to lessen water loss by transpiration.</li>
<li>If drought continues, it goes into dormancy rather than dying.</li>
<li>Its leaves are protected by a waxy cuticle.</li>
<li>It uses<span> </span>C4 carbon fixation<span> </span>thus using only a third the amount of water that C3 plants require.</li>
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<p>Richard Pankhurst<span> </span>reports (citing Augustus B. Wylde) that in 19th-century<span> </span>Ethiopia,<span> </span><i>durra</i><span> </span>was "often the first crop sown on newly cultivated land", explaining that this cereal did not require the thorough ploughing other crops did, and its roots not only decomposed into a good fertilizer, but they also helped to break up the soil while not exhausting the<span> </span>subsoil.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"></sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Uses">Uses</span></h2>
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Red on white sorghum grains</div>
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<p>Sorghum is cultivated in many parts of the world today. In the past 50 years, the area planted with sorghum worldwide had increased by 66%.<sup id="cite_ref-AGMRC_7-1" class="reference"></sup>. The grain finds use as food, for making liquor, animal feed, or making bio based ethanol.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Culinary_use">Culinary use</span></h3>
<p>In many parts of Asia and Africa, its grain is used to make flatbreads that form the staple food of many cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"></sup><span> </span>The grains can also be popped in a similar fashion to popcorn.</p>
<table class="infobox nowrap"><caption>Sorghum</caption>
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<th colspan="2">Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)</th>
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<th scope="row">Energy</th>
<td>1,418 kJ (339 kcal)</td>
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<div><b>Carbohydrates</b></div>
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<div>74.63 g</div>
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<th scope="row">Dietary fiber</th>
<td>6.3 g</td>
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<div><b>Fat</b></div>
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<div>3.30 g</div>
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<div><b>Protein</b></div>
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<div>11.30 g</div>
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<li>Units</li>
<li>μg =<span> </span>micrograms • mg =<span> </span>milligrams</li>
<li>IU =<span> </span>International units</li>
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<td colspan="2" class="wrap"><sup>†</sup>Percentages are roughly approximated using<span> </span>US recommendations<span> </span>for adults.</td>
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<p>Sorghum is one of a number of grains used as wheat substitutes in<span> </span>gluten-free<span> </span>recipes and products.</p>
<p>In<span> </span>India, where it is commonly called<span> </span><i>jwaarie, jowar, jola</i>, or<span> </span><i>jondhalaa</i>, sorghum is one of the staple sources of nutrition. An Indian bread called<span> </span><i>bhakri, jowar roti</i>, or<span> </span><i>jolada rotti</i><span> </span>is prepared from this grain.</p>
<p>In<span> </span>Korea, it is cooked with rice, or its flour is used to make cake called<span> </span><i>susu bukkumi</i>.</p>
<p>Sorghum was ground and the flour was the main alternative to wheat in northern China for a long time.</p>
<p>In<span> </span>Central America, tortillas are sometimes made using sorghum. Although corn is the preferred grain for making tortillas, sorghum is widely used and is well accepted in<span> </span>Honduras. White sorghum is preferred for making tortillas.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_11-0" class="reference">[11]</sup><span> </span>Sweet sorghum<span> </span>syrup is known as molasses in some parts of the U.S., although it is not true<span> </span>molasses.</p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Alcoholic_Beverage">Alcoholic Beverage</span></h3>
<p>In<span> </span>China, sorghum is known as<span> </span><i>gaoliang</i><span> </span>(高粱), and is<span> </span>fermented<span> </span>and<span> </span>distilled<span> </span>to produce one form of clear spirits known as<span> </span><i>baijiu</i><span> </span>(白酒) of which the most famous is<span> </span>Maotai<span> </span>(or Moutai). In<span> </span>Taiwan, on the island called<span> </span>Kinmen, plain sorghum is made into sorghum liquor.In several countries in Africa, including<span> </span>Zimbabwe,<span> </span>Burundi,<span> </span>Mali,<span> </span>Burkina Faso,<span> </span>Ghana, and<span> </span>Nigeria, sorghum of both the red and white varieties is used to make traditional opaque<span> </span>beer. Red sorghum imparts a pinkish-brown colour to the beer.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference">[12]</sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Bio-based_ethanol">Bio-based ethanol</span></h3>
<p>In<span> </span>Australia,<span> </span>South America, and the<span> </span>United States, sorghum grain is used primarily for livestock feed and in a growing number of ethanol plants.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference">[13]</sup><span> </span>In some countries, sweet sorghum stalks are used for producing biofuel by squeezing the juice and then fermenting it into<span> </span>ethanol.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference">[14]</sup><span> </span>Texas A&M University<span> </span>in the United States is currently running trials to find the best varieties for ethanol production from sorghum leaves and stalks in the USA.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference">[15]</sup></p>
<h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_uses">Other uses</span></h3>
<p>It is also used for making a traditional corn<span> </span>broom.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference">[16]</sup>The reclaimed stalks of the sorghum plant are used to make a decorative<span> </span>millwork<span> </span>material marketed as<span> </span>Kirei board.</p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Agricultural_uses">Agricultural uses</span></h2>
<p>It is used in feed and pasturage for livestock. Its use is limited, however, because the starch and protein in sorghum is more difficult for animals to digest than the starches and protein in corn.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact">[<i><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></i>]</sup><span> </span>Research is being done to find a process that will predigest the grain. One study on cattle showed that steam-flaked sorghum was preferable to dry-rolled sorghum because it improved daily weight gain.<sup id="cite_ref-AGMRC_7-2" class="reference">[7]</sup><span> </span>In hogs, sorghum has been shown to be a more efficient feed choice than corn when both grains were processed in the same way.<sup id="cite_ref-AGMRC_7-3" class="reference">[7]</sup></p>
<p>The introduction of improved varieties, along with improved management practices, has helped to increase sorghum productivity. In India, productivity increases are thought to have freed up six million hectares of land. The<span> </span>International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics<span> </span>in collaboration with partners produces improved varieties of crops including sorghum. Some 194 improved cultivars of sorghum from the institute have been released.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference">[17]</sup></p>
<h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Research">Research</span></h2>
<p>Research is being conducted to develop a genetic cross that will make the plant more tolerant to colder temperatures and to unravel the drought tolerance mechanisms, since it is native to tropical climates.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference">[18]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference">[19]</sup><span> </span>In the United States, this is important because the cost of corn was steadily increasing due to its use in ethanol production for addition to gasoline. Sorghum silage can be used as a replacement of corn silage in the diet for<span> </span>dairy cattle.<sup id="cite_ref-Brouk_20-0" class="reference">[20]</sup><span> </span>More research has found that sorghum has higher nutritional value compared to corn when feeding dairy cattle, and the type of processing is also essential in harvesting the grain's maximum nutrition. Feeding steam-flaked sorghum showed an increase in milk production when compared to dry-rolling.<sup id="cite_ref-Brouk_20-1" class="reference">[20]</sup></p>
<p>Additional research is being done on sorghum as a potential food source to meet the increasing global food demand. Sorghum is resistant to drought- and heat-related stress. The genetic diversity between subspecies of sorghum makes it more resistant to pests and pathogens than other less diverse food sources. In addition, it is highly efficient in converting solar energy to chemical energy, and also in use of water.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-0" class="reference">[21]</sup><span> </span>All of these characteristics make it a promising candidate to help meet the increasing global food demand. As such, many groups around the world are pursuing research initiatives around sorghum (specifically<span> </span><i>Sorghum bicolor</i>):<span> </span>Purdue University,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference">[22]</sup>HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-1" class="reference">[21]</sup><span> </span>Danforth Plant Science Center,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-2" class="reference">[21]</sup><span> </span>the<span> </span>University of Nebraska,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference">[23]</sup><span> </span>and the<span> </span>University of Queensland<span> </span><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference">[24]</sup><span> </span>among others. The University of Queensland is involved with pre-breeding activities, which are extremely successful and still are in progress using<span> </span>crop wild relatives<span> </span>as donors along with popular varieties as recipients to make sorghum more resistant to biotic stresses.</p>
<p>Another research application of sorghum is as a biofuel. Sweet sorghum has a high sugar content in its stalk, which can be turned into ethanol. The biomass can be burned and turned into charcoal, syn-gas, and bio-oil.</p><script src="//cdn.public.n1ed.com/G3OMDFLT/widgets.js"></script>
MHS 74 (10 S)