A legjobb árak Paprikamag Seeds Gallery (3)

<h2>Sweet Pepper Seeds California Wonder</h2> <h3>Price for Package of 20 or 100 seeds.</h3> <div>HEIRLOOM. The standard bell pepper for many decades, this 1928 introduction is still the largest open-pollinated, heirloom bell you can grow, and a big improvement over the earlier bells. A perfect stuffing pepper—blocky 4" x 3 1/2", thick-walled, tender and flavorful.</div> <div>Detailed planting instructions:</div> <div>Sow seeds indoors, 1/4 inch deep in flats, peat pots or cellpacks, 8-10 weeks before you anticipate transplanting outside. Seed germinates best when soil temperature is 80 F or higher. It will not germinate below 55 F.</div> <div>Keep plants indoors in a warm (70 F during the day, 65 F at night), sunny location. Lack of light will produce leggy, unproductive transplants.</div> <div>Don't be in a rush to transplant outside. Cold temperatures can weaken plants and they may never fully recover. A few days at 60 F to 65 F with reduced water will help harden plants and reduce transplant shock. Over-hardened plants grow slowly after transplanting.</div> <div>Set plants out 2 to 3 weeks after average last frost when the soil has warmed and the weather has settled. Plant them 12 to 24 inches apart, in rows 24 to 36 inches apart, or spaced about 14 to 16 inches apart in raised beds.</div> <div>Use black plastic and/or row covers to speed soil warming and early growth. Use caution with row covers not to overheat plants and cause them to drop their blossoms.</div> <div>If not using black plastic, mulch plants after they are well established and the soil has warmed to retain moisture and control weeds.</div> <div>Peppers can be temperamental when it comes to setting fruit if temperatures are too hot or too cool. Nighttime temperatures below 60 F or above 75 F can reduce fruit set.</div> <div>Too much nitrogen fertilizer may promote lush vegetative growth but fewer fruits. Peppers usually responds well to phosphorus fertilizer.</div> <div>Stake tall varieties for earlier and heavier harvest.</div> <div>Peppers need even moisture for best performance. An even supply can reduce blossom end rot, a disorder caused by lack of calcium.</div> <div>Do not plant in same spot more than once every 4 years.</div> <div>HARVESTING</div> <div>Make sure the bell peppers are firm and shiny with a crisp texture. Use garden shears to clip the fruits from the plant instead of pulling them off.</div> <div>Pick bell peppers when they are smaller in the beginning of summer. They may be taken when they are the size of a golf ball and frequent picking will encourage near-continuous fruit production. Immature bell peppers are soft and pliable with thin pale walls.</div> <div>Take fully mature bell peppers when they are four to five inches long and have full, well-formed lobes. The older the fruit is, the thicker the skin will be.</div> <div>Allow the bell peppers to ripen to their final color later in the season to get fruit of different colors. Ripe bell peppers may be yellow, red, orange or purple, depending on the variety. You can continue to harvest bell peppers until the first frost. </div> <div>Store bell peppers at 50 degrees and at least 90 percent humidity, if possible. They should be stored away from other fruits and vegetables because they are sensitive to ethylene gas, which causes them to age faster.</div> <div>SAVING SEEDS</div> <div>Cut your favorite variety of pepper in half. All of the seeds inside are most likely viable and you can use them to grow the same variety of pepper in containers or in a sunny garden spot. Collect the seeds and lay them flat on a paper towel for 24 hours.</div> <div> </div> <div>Label the plastic bag with the permanent marker with the name or variety of the pepper seeds. Place the seeds inside for planting.</div> <div>Keep the seeds in a cool, but not cold, dark area until you are ready to start them in early spring.</div> <script src="//cdn.public.n1ed.com/G3OMDFLT/widgets.js"></script>

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Sweet Pepper Seeds...

1,95 € SKU: PP 51

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"Elephant's Ear" Sweet Pepper Seeds 1.7 - 1

Elefánt fül paprikamag

2,15 € SKU: PP 56

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<h2>Elefánt fül paprikamag</h2> <h2>Az ár 50 mag csomagolására vonatkozik.</h2> Nagy gyümölcsös, aromás. Az elefántfül Szerbia egyik legkedveltebb szerb fajtája, leginkább "ajvar", "pinđur", töltelék készítéséhez, valamint mélyfagyasztáshoz használják. Jól használható pácoláshoz, grillezéshez, zöldséges ételekhez, húsos ételekhez és salátaként. Ízében kiváló. Az Elephant's Ear édes paprika, nagyon nagy és húsos gyümölcsökkel. A gyümölcs színe éréskor sötétzöldről élénkpirosra változik. Eléri a súlyát 150-350gr. Nagyon betegség-ellenálló, és hektáronként 50/60 tonna stabil hozamot biztosít. Ez a fajta alkalmas az üvegházhoz, hideg keretekhez és a szabadban is. <div> Big package of elephant ears pepper you can buy here: <a href="https://www.seeds-gallery.shop/en/home/paprika-elephant-s-ear-1100-seeds.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Click here</a> </div> <div>Capsicum (/ˈkæpsɪkəm, also known as peppers) is a genus of flowering plants in the nightshade family Solanaceae. Its species are native to the Americas, where they have been cultivated for thousands of years. Following the Columbian Exchange, it has become cultivated worldwide, and it has also become a key element in many cuisines. In addition to use as spices and food vegetables, Capsicum species have also been used as medicines and lachrymatory agents. Etymology and names The generic name may come from Latin capsa 'box', presumably alluding to the pods or the Greek word κάπτω kapto 'to gulp'.[4][5][6] The name "pepper" comes from the similarity of the flavor to black pepper, Piper nigrum, although there is no botanical relationship with it or with Sichuan pepper. The original term, chilli (now chile in Mexico) came from the Nahuatl word chīlli, denoting a larger Capsicum variety cultivated at least since 3000 BC, as evidenced by remains found in pottery from Puebla and Oaxaca. The fruit of Capsicum plants have a variety of names depending on place and type. The piquant (spicy) varieties are commonly called chili peppers, or simply "chilis". The large, mild form is called "red (bell) pepper", "green (bell) pepper", or just "bell pepper" (depending on color) in North America and United Kingdom and typically "capsicum" in New Zealand,[8] Australia, Singapore and India. The fruit is called "paprika" in some other countries (although paprika can also refer to the powdered spice made from various capsicums). Growing conditions Ideal growing conditions for peppers include a sunny position with warm, loamy soil, ideally 21 to 29 °C (70 to 84 °F), that is moist but not waterlogged.[9] Extremely moist soils can cause seedlings to "damp-off" and reduce germination. The plants are sensitive to frost. For flowering, Capsicum is a non-photoperiod-sensitive crop. The flowers can self-pollinate. However, at extremely high temperature, 92 to 100 °F (33 to 38 °C), pollen loses viability, and flowers are much less likely to pollinate successfully. Species and varieties Capsicum consists of 20–27 species,[11] five of which are domesticated: C. annuum, C. baccatum, C. chinense, C. frutescens, and C. pubescens.[12] Phylogenetic relationships between species have been investigated using biogeographical,[13] morphological,[14] chemosystematic,[15] hybridization,[16] and genetic[11] data. Fruits of Capsicum can vary tremendously in color, shape, and size both between and within species, which has led to confusion over the relationships among taxa.[17] Chemosystematic studies helped distinguish the difference between varieties and species. For example, C. baccatum var. baccatum had the same flavonoids as C. baccatum var. pendulum, which led researchers to believe the two groups belonged to the same species. Many varieties of the same species can be used in many different ways; for example, C. annuum includes the "bell pepper" variety, which is sold in both its immature green state and its red, yellow, or orange ripe state. This same species has other varieties, as well, such as the Anaheim chiles often used for stuffing, the dried ancho (also sometimes referred to as poblano) chile used to make chili powder, the mild-to-hot jalapeño, and the smoked, ripe jalapeño, known as chipotle. Peru is thought to be the country with the highest cultivated Capsicum diversity since varieties of all five domesticates are commonly sold in markets in contrast to other countries. Bolivia is considered to be the country where the largest diversity of wild Capsicum peppers are consumed. Bolivian consumers distinguish two basic forms: ulupicas, species with small round fruits including C. eximium, C. cardenasii, C. eshbaughii, and C. caballeroi landraces; and arivivis, with small elongated fruits including C. baccatum var. baccatum and C. chacoense varieties. Most of the capsaicin in a pungent (hot) pepper is concentrated in blisters on the epidermis of the interior ribs (septa) that divide the chambers, or locules, of the fruit to which the seeds are attached.[19] A study on capsaicin production in fruits of C. chinense showed that capsaicinoids are produced only in the epidermal cells of the interlocular septa of pungent fruits, that blister formation only occurs as a result of capsaicinoid accumulation, and that pungency and blister formation are controlled by a single locus, Pun1, for which there exist at least two recessive alleles that result in non-pungency of C. chinense fruits. The amount of capsaicin in hot peppers varies significantly among varieties, and is measured in Scoville heat units (SHU). The world's current hottest known pepper as rated in SHU is the 'Carolina Reaper,' which had been measured at over 2,200,000 SHU.</div> <div></div> <div>Genetics Most Capsicum species are 2n=2x=24. A few of the non-domesticated species are 2n=2x=32.[23] All are diploid. The Capsicum annuum and Capsicum chinense genomes were completed in 2014. The Capsicum annuum genome is approximately 3.48 Gb, making it larger than the human genome. Over 75% of the pepper genome is composed of transposable elements, mostly Gypsy elements, distributed widely throughout the genome. The distribution of transposable elements is inversely correlated with gene density. Pepper is predicted to have 34,903 genes, approximately the same number as both tomato and potato, two related species within the Solanaceae family. Breeding Many types of peppers have been bred for heat, size, and yield. Along with selection of specific fruit traits such as flavor and color, specific pest, disease and abiotic stress resistances are continually being selected. Breeding occurs in several environments dependent on the use of the final variety including but not limited to: conventional, organic, hydroponic, green house and shade house production environments. Several breeding programs are being conducted by corporations and universities. In the United States, New Mexico State University has released several varieties in the last few years.[25] Cornell University has worked to develop regionally adapted varieties that work better in cooler, damper climates. Other universities such as UC Davis, University of Wisconsin-Madison, and Oregon State University have smaller breeding programs. Many vegetable seed companies breed different types of peppers as well. Capsaicin in Capsicum. The fruit of most species of Capsicum contains capsaicin (methyl-n-vanillyl nonenamide), a lipophilic chemical that can produce a strong burning sensation (pungency or spiciness) in the mouth of the unaccustomed eater. Most mammals find this unpleasant, whereas birds are unaffected. The secretion of capsaicin protects the fruit from consumption by insects and mammals, while the bright colors attract birds that will disperse the seeds. Capsaicin is present in large quantities in the placental tissue (which holds the seeds), the internal membranes, and to a lesser extent, the other fleshy parts of the fruits of plants in this genus. The seeds themselves do not produce any capsaicin, although the highest concentration of capsaicin can be found in the white pith around the seeds. The amount of capsaicin in the fruit is highly variable and dependent on genetics and environment, giving almost all types of Capsicum varied amounts of perceived heat. The most recognizable Capsicum without capsaicin is the bell pepper, a cultivar of Capsicum annuum, which has a zero rating on the Scoville scale. The lack of capsaicin in bell peppers is due to a recessive gene that eliminates capsaicin and, consequently, the "hot" taste usually associated with the rest of the Capsicum family.[32] There are also other peppers without capsaicin, mostly within the Capsicum annuum species, such as the cultivars Giant Marconi, Yummy Sweets, Jimmy Nardello,[35] and Italian Frying peppers[36](also known as the Cubanelle). Chili peppers are of great importance in Native American medicine, and capsaicin is used in modern medicine—mainly in topical medications—as a circulatory stimulant and analgesic. In more recent times, an aerosol extract of capsaicin, usually known as capsicum or pepper spray, has become used by law enforcement as a nonlethal means of incapacitating a person, and in a more widely dispersed form for riot control, or by individuals for personal defense. Pepper in vegetable oils, or as an horticultural product[37] can be used in gardening as a natural insecticide. Although black pepper causes a similar burning sensation, it is caused by a different substance—piperine.</div> <div></div> <div>Synonyms and common names The name given to the Capsicum fruits varies between English-speaking countries. In Australia, New Zealand, and India, heatless varieties are called "capsicums", while hot ones are called "chilli"/"chillies" (double L). Pepperoncini are also known as "sweet capsicum". The term "bell peppers" is almost never used, although C. annuum and other varieties which have a bell shape and are fairly hot, are often called "bell chillies". In Ireland and the United Kingdom, the heatless varieties are commonly known simply as "peppers" (or more specifically "green peppers", "red peppers", etc.), while the hot ones are "chilli"/"chillies" (double L) or "chilli peppers". In the United States and Canada, the common heatless varieties are referred to as "bell peppers", "sweet peppers", "red/green/etc. peppers", or simply "peppers", additionally in Indiana they may be referred to as "mangoes/mango peppers", while the hot varieties are collectively called "chile"/"chiles", "chili"/"chilies", or "chili"/"chile peppers" (one L only), "hot peppers", or named as a specific variety (e.g., banana pepper). In Polish and in Hungarian, the term papryka and paprika (respectively) is used for all kinds of capsicums (the sweet vegetable, and the hot spicy), as well as for dried and ground spice made from them (named paprika in both U.S. English and Commonwealth English). Also, fruit and spice can be attributed as papryka ostra (hot pepper) or papryka słodka (sweet pepper). The term pieprz (pepper) instead means only grains or ground black pepper (incl. the green, white, and red forms), but not capsicum. Sometimes, the hot capsicum spice is also called chilli. In Italy and the Italian- and German-speaking parts of Switzerland, the sweet varieties are called peperone and the hot varieties peperoncino (literally "small pepper"). In Germany, the heatless varieties as well as the spice are called Paprika and the hot types are primarily called Peperoni or Chili while in Austria, Pfefferoni is more common for these; in Dutch, this word is also used exclusively for bell peppers, whereas chilli is reserved for powders, and hot pepper variants are referred to as Spaanse pepers (Spanish peppers). In Switzerland, though, the condiment powder made from capsicum is called Paprika (German language regions) and paprica (French and Italian language region). In French, capsicum is called poivron or piment. In Spanish-speaking countries, many different names are used for the varieties and preparations. In Mexico, the term chile is used for "hot peppers", while the heatless varieties are called pimiento (the masculine form of the word for pepper, which is pimienta). Several other countries, such as Chile, whose name is unrelated, Perú, Puerto Rico, and Argentina, use ají. In Spain, heatless varieties are called pimiento and hot varieties guindilla. Also, in Argentina and Spain, the variety C. chacoense is commonly known as "putaparió", a slang expression equivalent to "damn it", probably due to its extra-hot flavour. In Indian English, the word "capsicum" is used exclusively for Capsicum annuum. All other varieties of hot capsicum are called chilli. In northern India and Pakistan, C. annuum is also commonly called shimla mirch in the local language and as "Kodai Mozhagai" in Tamil which roughly translates to "umbrella chilli" due to its appearance. Shimla, incidentally, is a popular hill-station in India (and mirch means chilli in local languages). In Japanese, tōgarashi (唐辛子, トウガラシ "Chinese mustard") refers to hot chili peppers, and particularly a spicy powder made from them which is used as a condiment, while bell peppers are called pīman (ピーマン, from the French piment or the Spanish pimiento).</div> <script src="//cdn.public.n1ed.com/G3OMDFLT/widgets.js"></script>

PP 56 (50 S)

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Red Monster Giant Sweet Pepper Seeds 1.85 - 1

Red Giant Monster Sweet...

2,70 € SKU: PP 58

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Scoville scale

0,00 € SKU:

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The Scoville scale is a measurement of the pungency (spiciness or "heat") of chili peppers and other spicy foods, as recorded in Scoville Heat Units (SHU) based on the concentration of capsaicinoids, among which capsaicin is the predominant component. The scale is named after its creator, American pharmacist Wilbur Scoville, whose 1912 method is known as the Scoville organoleptic test. The Scoville organoleptic test is the most practical method for estimating SHU and is a subjective assessment derived from the capsaicinoid sensitivity by people experienced with eating hot chilis. An alternative method, using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) can be used to analytically quantify the capsaicinoid content as an indicator of pungency. As of 2011, the subjective organoleptic test has been largely superceded by analytical methods such as chromatography. <h2>Scoville organoleptic test</h2> In the Scoville organoleptic test, an exact weight of dried pepper is dissolved in alcohol to extract the heat components (capsaicinoids), then diluted in a solution of sugar water.[3][10][11] Decreasing concentrations of the extracted capsaicinoids are given to a panel of five trained tasters, until a majority (at least three) can no longer detect the heat in a dilution.[1][3][10][11] The heat level is based on this dilution, rated in multiples of 100 SHU.[10] Another source using subjective assessment stated: "Conventional methods used in determining the level of pungency or capsaicin concentration are using a panel of tasters (Scoville Organoleptic test method). ... Pepper pungency is measured in Scoville Heat Units (SHU). This measurement is the highest dilution of a chili pepper extract at which heat can be detected by a taste panel."[4][12] A weakness of the Scoville organoleptic test is its imprecision due to human subjectivity, depending on the taster's palate and number of mouth heat receptors, which vary widely among people.[1][4] Another weakness is sensory fatigue;[1] the palate is quickly desensitized to capsaicinoids after tasting a few samples within a short time period.[10] Results vary widely (up to ± 50%) between laboratories.[11] <h2>Pungency units</h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Red_savina_cropped.jpg/220px-Red_savina_cropped.jpg" width="220" height="202" class="thumbimage" /><div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"></div> The Red Savina pepper, a hot chili.[13]</div> </div> </div> Since the 1980s, spice heat has been assessed quantitatively by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), which measures the concentration of heat-producing capsaicinoids, typically with capsaicin content as the main measure.[4][5] As stated in one review: "the most reliable, rapid, and efficient method to identify and quantify capsaicinoids is HPLC; the results of which can be converted to Scoville Heat Units by multiplying the parts-per-million by 16."[4] HPLC results permit the measurement of a substance’s capsaicin capacity to produce perceived heat ("pungency"). This method gives results in American Spice Trade Association "pungency units", which are defined as one part capsaicin per million parts dried pepper mass.[5] For parts per million (ppm) measurements, SHU units are calculated from "parts per million of heat" (ppmH), which is found with the following calculation: <img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/851d90fcf2e4f5511e93e76868ab5f72c66e5acf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline" alt="{displaystyle {text{ppmH}}={frac {{text{peak area}}({{text{capsaicin}})}+0.82cdot {text{peak area}}({text{dihydrocapsaicin)}}}{{text{peak area}}({text{standard)}}}}}" /> Peak areas are calculated from HPLC traces of dry samples of the substance to be tested in 1 ml of acetonitrile. The standard used to calibrate the calculation is 1 gram of capsaicin. Scoville heat units are found by multiplying the ppmH value by a factor of 15 or 16. An orally administered capsule of capsaicinoids claiming 100,000 Scoville units will correspond to around 6.6 mg of capsaicinoids. The levels of pungency, in terms of Scoville units are: <table class="wikitable"><caption></caption> <tbody><tr><th>Pungency</th> <th>SHU</th> </tr><tr><td>Very highly pungent</td> <td>Above 80,000</td> </tr><tr><td>Highly pungent</td> <td>25,000 to 70,000</td> </tr><tr><td>Moderately pungent</td> <td>3,000 to 25,000</td> </tr><tr><td>Mildly pungent</td> <td>700 to 3,000</td> </tr><tr><td>Non pungent</td> <td>0 to 700</td> </tr></tbody></table> <h2>Scoville ratings</h2> <h3>Considerations</h3> Since Scoville ratings are defined per unit of dry mass, comparison of ratings between products having different water content can be misleading. For example, typical fresh chili peppers have a water content around 90%, whereas Tabasco sauce has a water content of 95%.[15] For law-enforcement-grade pepper spray, values from 500,000 up to 5 million SHU have been reported,[1][16] but the actual strength of the spray depends on the dilution. Numerical results for any specimen vary depending on its cultivation conditions and the uncertainty of the laboratory methods used to assess the capsaicinoid content.[4] Pungency values for any pepper are variable, owing to expected variation within a species, possibly by a factor of 10 or more, depending on seed lineage, climate and humidity, and soil composition supplying nutrients. The inaccuracies described in the measurement methods also contribute to the imprecision of these values.[4][11] <h3>Capsicum peppers</h3> Capsicum chili peppers are commonly used to add pungency in cuisines worldwide.[3][4] The range of pepper heat reflected by a Scoville score is from 100 or less (sweet peppers) to over 3 million (Pepper X) (table below; Scoville scales for individual chili peppers are in the respective linked article). <table class="wikitable"><tbody><tr><th>Scoville heat units</th> <th>Example peppers</th> </tr><tr><td>800,000 to 3,200,000</td> <td>Pepper X, Carolina Reaper, Dragon's Breath</td> </tr><tr><td>350,000 to 800,000</td> <td>Red savina, Chocolate habanero</td> </tr><tr><td>100,000 to 350,000</td> <td>Habanero, Scotch Bonnet</td> </tr><tr><td>10,000 to 100,000</td> <td>Malagueta pepper, Cayenne pepper</td> </tr><tr><td>1,000 to 10,000</td> <td>Guajillo pepper, Jalapeño</td> </tr><tr><td>100 to 1,000</td> <td>Banana pepper, Cubanelle</td> </tr><tr><td>0 to 100</td> <td>Bell pepper, Pimento</td> </tr></tbody></table><h3>Capsaicinoids</h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Capsaicin_pharmacophore.svg/350px-Capsaicin_pharmacophore.svg.png" width="350" height="230" class="thumbimage" /><div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"></div> Capsaicin pharmacophore</div> </div> </div> The class of compounds causing pungency in plants like chili peppers is called capsaicinoids, which display a linear correlation between concentration and Scoville scale, and may vary in content during ripening.[22] Capsaicin is the major capsaicinoid in chili peppers.[5] <table class="wikitable"><tbody><tr><th>Scoville heat units</th> <th>Chemical</th> <th>Ref</th> </tr><tr><td>16,000,000,000</td> <td>Resiniferatoxin</td> <td>[23]</td> </tr><tr><td>5,300,000,000</td> <td>Tinyatoxin</td> <td>[24]</td> </tr><tr><td>15,000,000 to 16,000,000</td> <td>Capsaicin, Dihydrocapsaicin</td> <td>[25][14]</td> </tr><tr><td>9,200,000</td> <td>Nonivamide</td> <td>[25]</td> </tr><tr><td>9,100,000</td> <td>Nordihydrocapsaicin</td> <td>[25][14]</td> </tr><tr><td>8,600,000</td> <td>Homocapsaicin, Homodihydrocapsaicin</td> <td>[25]</td> </tr><tr><td>160,000</td> <td>Shogaol</td> <td>[26]</td> </tr><tr><td>100,000 to 200,000</td> <td>Piperine</td> <td>[27]</td> </tr><tr><td>60,000</td> <td>Gingerol</td> <td>[26]</td> </tr><tr><td>16,000</td> <td>Capsiate</td> <td>[citation needed]</td> </tr></tbody></table>

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Sweet pepper seeds ROMANCE...

1,95 € SKU: PP 34

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Largo de Reus sweet bell...

1,80 € SKU: P 43

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5/ 5

<h2>Largo de Reus sweet bell pepper Seeds</h2> <h2>Price for Package of 10 seeds.</h2> Largo de Reus from Spain is a huge sweet bell pepper from Spain. The aromatic, red pods can reach lengths up to 20 cm. The variety generates vigorous plants 50/60 cm high, with abundant foliage bright green in color, and bearing numerous fruits, the fruits are compact thick-walled, and juicy. They are ideal as raw food in the salad, for roasting, stewing, grilling, and stuffing. The plants are prolific and support is recommended… <hr /> <h3>About Capsicum annuum</h3> Capsicum annuum is a species of the plant genus Capsicum (chillies or peppers and capsicums or bell peppers) native to southern North America and northern South America.[1][4] This species is the most common and extensively cultivated of the five domesticated capsicums. The species encompasses a wide variety of shapes and sizes of peppers, both mild and hot, such as bell peppers, jalapeños, New Mexico chile, and cayenne peppers. Cultivars descended from the wild American bird pepper are still found in warmer regions of the Americas.[5] In the past, some woody forms of this species have been called C. frutescens, but the features that were used to distinguish those forms appear in many populations of C. annuum and are not consistently recognizable features in C. frutescens species. <h2>Characteristics</h2> Although the species name annuum means “annual” (from the Latin annus "year"), the plant is not an annual but is frost tender.[7] In the absence of winter frosts it can survive several seasons and grow into a large, shrubby perennial herb.[8] The single flowers are an off-white (sometimes purplish) color while the stem is densely branched and up to 60 cm (24 in) tall. The fruit are berries that may be green, yellow, orange or red when ripe.[9] While the species can tolerate most frost-free climates, C. annuum is especially productive in warm and dry climates.[citation needed] <h2>Pollination</h2> While generally self-pollinating, insect visitation is known to increase the fruit size and speed of ripening, as well as to ensure symmetrical development. Pepper flowers have nectaries at the base of the corolla, which helps to attract pollinators. The anthers do not release pollen except via buzz pollination, such as provided by bumble bees.[10] <h2>Uses</h2> <h3>Culinary</h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner"><img alt="Largo de Reus sweet bell pepper Seeds" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Five-Peppers-Colors-1.jpg/220px-Five-Peppers-Colors-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Five-Peppers-Colors-1.jpg/330px-Five-Peppers-Colors-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Five-Peppers-Colors-1.jpg/440px-Five-Peppers-Colors-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3280" data-file-height="1456" title="Largo de Reus sweet bell pepper Seeds" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"></div> Five colors of peppers in an Israeli supermarket</div> </div> </div> The species is a source of popular sweet peppers and hot chilis with numerous varieties cultivated all around the world, and is the source of popular spices such as cayenne, chili, and paprika powders. Common naming in English falls generally in line with the flavor and size of the variant. Larger, sweeter variants are called "capsicums" in Australia and New Zealand and red or green peppers,[11] or "bell peppers" in the United States and Great Britain.[12][13] The smaller, hotter varieties are called chillis,[14] chilies, chile, or chili peppers, or in parts of the US, "peppers". Capsinoid chemicals provide the distinctive tastes in C. annuum variants. In particular, capsaicin creates a burning sensation ("hotness"), which in extreme cases can last for several hours after ingestion. A measurement called the Scoville scale has been created to describe the hotness of peppers and other foods. <h3>Traditional medicine</h3> Hot peppers are used in traditional medicine as well as food in Africa.[15] English botanist John Lindley described C. annuum in his 1838 Flora Medica thus:[16] <blockquote class="templatequote"> It is employed in medicine, in combination with Cinchona in intermittent and lethargic affections, and also in atonic gout, dyspepsia accompanied by flatulence, tympanitis, paralysis etc. Its most valuable application appears however to be in cynanche maligna (acute diphtheria) and scarlatina maligna (malignant Scarlet fever, used either as a gargle or administered internally.) </blockquote> In Ayurveda, C. annuum is classified as follows: <ul> <li>Guna (properties) – ruksha (dry), laghu (light) and tikshna (sharp)</li> <li>Rasa (taste) – katu (pungent)</li> <li>Virya (potency) – ushna (hot)</li> </ul> <h3>Ornamental</h3> Some cultivars grown specifically for their aesthetic value include the U.S. National Arboretum's 'Black Pearl'[17] and the 'Bolivian Rainbow'. Ornamental varieties tend to have unusually colored fruit and foliage with colors such as black and purple being notable. All are edible, and most (like 'Royal Black') are hot. <h2>Host plant</h2> The potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella) is an oligophagous insect that prefers to feed on plants of the family Solanaceae such as pepper plants. Female P. operculella use the leaves to lay their eggs and the hatched larvae will eat away at the mesophyll of the leaf.

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