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Aleppo tölgymag (Quercus...

9,95 € SKU: T 90

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<h2>Aleppo tölgymag (Quercus infectoria)</h2> <h2>Ár csomag 5 magot.</h2> A Quercus infectoria, az Aleppo tölgy, olyan tölgyfaj, amely golyókat hordoz, amelyeket Ázsiában évszázadok óta hagyományosan használnak gyógyszeresen. Manjakani az a név, amelyet Malajziában használnak a gallsra; ezeket évszázadok óta használják a bőr lágyítására, valamint a fekete festék és tinta készítésére. Indiában a gallokat majuphalnak hívják sok más név mellett. A Quercus infectoria egy kis fa, amely Görögországban és Kis-Ázsiában őshonos, egy-két méter magas (négy-hat láb). A szár görbe, cserjés megjelenésű, sima és élénkzöld levelekkel, 3–4 cm (1–1,5 hüvelyk) hosszú rövid levélnyélen. A levelek nyersen nyálkásak, lekerekítettek, simaak, tövükön egyenlőtlenek, felül pedig fényesek. A gélek a Quercus infectoria fa fiatal ágain merülnek fel, amikor az epés darazsak elszúrják a tölgyfát, és lárváikat lerakják. Hullámos megjelenésűek. A Quercus infectoria felhasználható pörköltek sűrítőjeként, vagy gabonafélékkel keverve kenyér készítéséhez. Az indiai hagyományos orvoslásban Majuphal néven is ismert manjakanit fogporként, valamint a fogfájás és az ínygyulladás kezelésében alkalmazták. Az úgynevezett "Aleppo-tannin" az Aleppo-tölgyfa gallérokból nyert csersav, amely egyedülálló kémiai tulajdonságokkal rendelkezik, amelyek nélkülözhetetlenek az immunocitokémiában markerként használt aranyszolok (kolloidok) előállításához. Manapság az epekivonat-kivonatokat széles körben használják a gyógyszeriparban, az élelmiszer- és takarmány-adalékanyagok, a színezékek, a tinták és a kohászat területén is. Majuphal Manjakani az egyik legerősebb természetes gyógynövény az ayurvéda területén. Népszerű a szöveti feszesítő hatása miatt, és nem sokkal a születése után védőgyógyszerként használják a csecsemők számára. Majuphal Manjakanit tartják a legjobb gyógymódnak a hüvelyi vagy méhsejtesés, rendellenes méhvérzés, rendellenes hüvelyváladék és leucorrhoea ellen. Majuphal Manjakani a húgyúti fertőzésért, Majuphal Manjakani segít a húgyúti fertőzések enyhítésében. Összehúzó tulajdonsága segít a vizeletcsatornák fertőzésének leküzdésében, a szövetek károsodásainak gyógyításán és a hüvelyi bőr és szövetek egészségének megújításán kívül. Belsőleg történő fogyasztása más gyógynövényekkel együtt ajánlott, hogy hatékony legyen, de összehúzó tulajdonsága miatt ez a legjobb megoldás a külső tisztításra, hogy megszabaduljon a hüvelyi fekélyektől és szöveti károsodásoktól. Majuphal Manjakani Használja a hüvely meghúzására, Majuphal Manjakani sok felhasználási és egészségügyi előnnyel jár a nők számára. Bőr- és szövetszűkítő tulajdonsággal rendelkezik. Majuphal Manjakanit tartják a legjobb gyógymódnak a hüvelyi vagy méhsejtesés, rendellenes méhvérzés, rendellenes hüvelyváladék, leucorrhoea ellen. A mosásápolási rutinhoz használt paszta vagy por alakú oldat formájában történő alkalmazás helyi alkalmazásként segíti a szövetek gyógyulását és a prolapsus állapotok gyors leküzdését. Más gyógynövényekkel együtt használják, és szülés után nőknek adják a méh falának rugalmasságának helyreállításához. Természetes összehúzó tulajdonsága helyreállítja a hüvely egészségét, hangulatát és erélyét, ami jobb és élvezetesebb szexet, valamint nőstény érzelmek és élvezet fokozódását eredményezi mind a nő, mind a párja számára. Majuphal Manjakani úgynevezett „gyógynövény-varázslat” gazdag tannint tartalmaz a hüvelyi izmok, az A- és C-vitamin, a kalcium, a fehérje feszesítésére, valamint összehúzó elemet tartalmaz a hüvelyváladékot okozó baktériumok eltávolítására, a sűrűség növelésére, és ez segít megelőzni a további hüvelyi öregedés, amely a gyermekvállalásból, az életkorból, a szexuális partnerekből az évek során és az általános egészségi állapotból ered.<script src="//cdn.public.n1ed.com/G3OMDFLT/widgets.js"></script>

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Castor Bean Seeds (Ricinus...

1,85 € SKU: MHS 125

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<h2 class="">Castor Bean Seeds (Ricinus Communis)</h2> <h2>Price for Package of 15 seeds.</h2> Ricinus communis, the castor bean or castor oil plant, is a species of perennial flowering plant in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae. It is the sole species in the monotypicgenus, Ricinus, and subtribe, Ricininae. The evolution of castor and its relation to other species are currently being studied using modern genetic tools. It reproduces with a mixed pollination system which favors selfing by geitonogamy but at the same time can be an out-crosser by anemophily (wind pollination) or entomophily (insect pollination). <div> Its seed is the castor bean, which, despite its name, is not a true bean. Castor is indigenous to the southeastern Mediterranean Basin, Eastern Africa, and India, but is widespread throughout tropical regions (and widely grown elsewhere as an ornamental plant).[5] Castor seed is the source of castor oil, which has a wide variety of uses. The seeds contain between 40% and 60% oil that is rich in triglycerides, mainly ricinolein. The seed also contains ricin, a water-soluble toxin, which is also present in lower concentrations throughout the plant. An unrelated plant species, Fatsia japonica (false castor oil plant), is similar in appearance but is from Japan. <h2>Nomenclature</h2> The name Ricinus is a Latin word for tick; the seed is so named because it has markings and a bump at the end that resemble certain ticks. The genus Ricinus [6] also exists in zoology, and designates insects (not ticks) which are parasites of birds; this is possible because the names of animals and plants are governed by different nomenclature codes.[citation needed] The common name "castor oil" probably comes from its use as a replacement for castoreum, a perfume base made from the dried perineal glands of the beaver (castor in Latin).[7]It has another common name, palm of Christ, or Palma Christi, that derives from castor oil's reputed ability to heal wounds and cure ailments. <h2>Description</h2> Ricinus communis can vary greatly in its growth habit and appearance. The variability has been increased by breeders who have selected a range of cultivars for leaf and flower colours, and for oil production. It is a fast-growing, suckering shrub that can reach the size of a small tree, around 12 m (39 ft), but it is not cold hardy. The glossy leaves are 15–45 cm (5.9–17.7 in) long, long-stalked, alternate and palmate with five to twelve deep lobes with coarsely toothed segments. In some varieties they start off dark reddish purple or bronze when young, gradually changing to a dark green, sometimes with a reddish tinge, as they mature. The leaves of some other varieties are green practically from the start, whereas in yet others a pigment masks the green color of all the chlorophyll-bearing parts, leaves, stems and young fruit, so that they remain a dramatic purple-to-reddish-brown throughout the life of the plant. Plants with the dark leaves can be found growing next to those with green leaves, so there is most likely only a single gene controlling the production of the pigment in some varieties.[8] The stems and the spherical, spiny seed capsules also vary in pigmentation. The fruit capsules of some varieties are more showy than the flowers. <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Castor_oil_plant_seeds.jpg/220px-Castor_oil_plant_seeds.jpg" width="220" height="129" class="thumbimage" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"></div> The green capsule dries and splits into three sections, forcibly ejecting seeds</div> </div> </div> The flowers lack petals and are unisexual (male and female) where both types are borne on the same plant (monoecious) in terminal panicle-like inflorescences of green or, in some varieties, shades of red. The male flowers are numerous, yellowish-green with prominent creamy stamens; the female flowers, borne at the tips of the spikes, lie within the immature spiny capsules, are relatively few in number and have prominent red stigmas.[9] The fruit is a spiny, greenish (to reddish-purple) capsule containing large, oval, shiny, bean-like, highly poisonous seeds with variable brownish mottling. Castor seeds have a warty appendage called the caruncle, which is a type of elaiosome. The caruncle promotes the dispersal of the seed by ants (myrmecochory). <h2>Medicinal uses</h2> Castor oil has many uses in medicine and other applications. An alcoholic extract of the leaf was shown, in lab rats, to protect the liver from damage from certain poisons.[10][11][12] Methanolic extracts of the leaves of Ricinus communis were used in antimicrobial testing against eight pathogenic bacteria in rats and showed antimicrobial properties. The pericarp of Ricinus showed central nervous system effects in mice at low doses. At high doses mice quickly died.[13] A water extract of the root bark showed analgesic activity in rats.[13] Antihistamine and anti-inflammatory properties were found in ethanolic extract of Ricinus communis root bark.[14] <h2>Other uses</h2> Extract of Ricinus communis exhibited acaricidal and insecticidal activities against the adult of Haemaphysalis bispinosa Neumann (Acarina: Ixodidae) and hematophagous fly Hippobosca maculata Leach (Diptera: Hippoboscidae).[15] The Bodo tribals of Bodoland in Assam, India, use the leaves of this plant to feed and rear the larvae of muga and endi silkworms. Castor oil is an effective motor lubricant and has been used in internal combustion engines, including those of World War I airplanes, some racing cars and some model airplanes. It has historically been popular for lubricating two-stroke engines due to high resistance to heat compared to petroleum-based oils. It does not mix well with petroleum products, particularly at low temperatures, but mixes better with the methanol based fuels used in glow model engines. In total-loss-lubrication applications, it tends to leave carbon deposits and varnish within the engine. It has been largely replaced by synthetic oils that are more stable and less toxic. Jewelry is often made of castor beans, particularly necklaces and bracelets.[16] <h2>Habitat, growth and horticultural uses</h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Ricinus_communis4.jpg/220px-Ricinus_communis4.jpg" width="220" height="328" class="thumbimage" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"></div> In Greece it is hardy enough to grow as a small tree. In northern countries it is grown instead as an annual.</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Castor_bean_young_with_teething_leaves.jpg/220px-Castor_bean_young_with_teething_leaves.jpg" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"></div> Cotyledons (round) and first true leaves (serrated) on a young plant. This plant is about four weeks old.</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Ricin_commun.jpg/220px-Ricin_commun.jpg" width="220" height="249" class="thumbimage" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"></div> young plant</div> </div> </div> Although Ricinus communis is indigenous to the southeastern Mediterranean Basin, Eastern Africa, and India, today it is widespread throughout tropical regions.[5] In areas with a suitable climate, castor establishes itself easily where it can become an invasive plant and can often be found on wasteland. It is also used extensively as a decorative plant in parks and other public areas, particularly as a "dot plant" in traditional bedding schemes. If sown early, under glass, and kept at a temperature of around 20 °C (68 °F) until planted out, the castor oil plant can reach a height of 2–3 metres (6.6–9.8 ft) in a year. In areas prone to frost it is usually shorter, and grown as if it were an annual.[5] However, it can grow well outdoors in cooler climates, at least in southern England, and the leaves do not appear to suffer frost damage in sheltered spots, where it remains evergreen.[citation needed] It was used in Edwardian times in the parks of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Although not cultivated there, the plant grows wild in Southern California, notably Griffith Park in Los Angeles.[17] <h3>Cultivars</h3> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Leaf_of_Castor_bean_plant.jpg/220px-Leaf_of_Castor_bean_plant.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"></div> Leaf</div> </div> </div> Selections have been made by breeders for use as ornamental plants (heights refer to plants grown as annuals) and for commercial production of castor oil.[9] <dl> <dt>Ornamental cultivars</dt> </dl> <ul> <li>'Carmencita' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit[18][19]</li> <li>'Carmencita Bright Red' has red stems, dark purplish leaves and red seed pods;</li> <li>'Carmencita Pink' has green leaves and pink seed pods</li> <li>'Gibsonii' has red-tinged leaves with reddish veins and bright scarlet seed pods</li> <li>'New Zealand Purple' has plum colored leaves tinged with red, plum colored seed pods turn to red as they ripen <dl> <dd>(All the above grow to around 1.5 metres (4.9 ft) tall as annuals.)[5]</dd> </dl> </li> <li>'Impala' is compact (only 1.2 metres or 3.9 feet tall) with reddish foliage and stems, brightest on the young shoots</li> <li>'Red Spire' is tall (2–3 metres or 6.6–9.8 feet) with red stems and bronze foliage</li> <li>'Zanzibarensis' is also tall (2–3 metres or 6.6–9.8 feet), with large, mid-green leaves (50 centimetres or 20 inches long) that have white midribs[9]</li> </ul> Cultivars for oil production: <ul> <li>'Hale' was launched in the 1970s for the State of Texas.[20] It is short (up to 1.2 m or 3 ft 11 in) and has several racemes</li> <li>'Brigham' is a variety with reduced ricin content adapted for Texas. It grows up to 1.8 m (5 ft 11 in) and has 10% of the ricin content of 'Hale'</li> <li>'BRS Nordestina' was developed by Brazil's Embrapa in 1990 for hand harvest and semi-arid environments</li> <li>'BRS Energia" was developed by Embrapa in 2004 for mechanised or hand harvest</li> <li>'GCH6' was developed by Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada University, India, 2004: it is resistant to root rot and tolerant to fusarium wilt</li> <li>'GCH5' was developed by Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada University, 1995. It is resistant to fusarium wilt</li> <li>'Abaro' was developed by the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research's Essential Oils Research Center for hand harvest</li> <li>'Hiruy' was developed by the Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research's Melkassa and Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Centers for hand harvest during 2010/2011</li> </ul> <h2>Plant-animal interactions</h2> Ricinus communis is the host plant of the common castor butterfly (Ariadne merione), the eri silkmoth (Samia cynthia ricini), and the castor semi-looper moth (Achaea janata). It is also used as a food plant by the larvae of some other species of Lepidoptera, including Hypercompe hambletoni and the nutmeg (Discestra trifolii). <h2>Allergenic potential</h2> Ricinus is extremely allergenic, and has an OPALS allergy scale rating of 10 out of 10. The plant is also a very strong trigger for asthma, and allergies to Ricinus are commonplace and severe.[21] The castor oil plant produces abundant amounts of very light pollen, which easily become airborne and can be inhaled into the lungs, triggering allergic reactions. The sap of the plant causes skin rashes. Individuals who are allergic to the plant can also develop rashes from merely touching the leaves, flowers, or seeds. These individuals can also have cross-allergic reactions to latex sap from the related Hevea brasiliensis plant.[21] <h2>Toxicity</h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Seeds_of_Ricinus_communis.jpg/220px-Seeds_of_Ricinus_communis.jpg" width="220" height="220" class="thumbimage" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"></div> Seeds</div> </div> </div> <div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: Ricin</div> The toxicity of raw castor beans is due to the presence of ricin. Although the lethal dose in adults is considered to be four to eight seeds, reports of actual poisoning are relatively rare.[22] According to the Guinness World Records, this is the world's most poisonous common plant.[23] Symptoms of overdosing on ricin, which can include nausea, diarrhea, tachycardia, hypotension and seizures, persist for up to a week. However, the poison can be extracted from castor by concentrating it with a fairly complicated process similar to that used for extracting cyanide from almonds. If ricin is ingested, symptoms may be delayed by up to 36 hours but commonly begin within 2–4 hours. These include a burning sensation in mouth and throat, abdominal pain, purging and bloody diarrhea. Within several days there is severe dehydration, a drop in blood pressure and a decrease in urine. Unless treated, death can be expected to occur within 3–5 days; however, in most cases a full recovery can be made.[24][25] Poisoning occurs when animals, including humans, ingest broken seeds or break the seed by chewing: intact seeds may pass through the digestive tract without releasing the toxin.[24] The toxin provides the castor oil plant with some degree of natural protection from insect pests such as aphids. Ricin has been investigated for its potential use as an insecticide.[26] The castor oil plant is also the source for undecylenic acid, a natural fungicide. Commercially available cold-pressed castor oil is not toxic to humans in normal doses, either internal or externally.[27] <h2>Chemistry</h2> Three terpenoids and a tocopherol-related compound have been found in the aerial parts of Ricinus. Compounds named (3E,7Z,11E)-19-hydroxycasba-3,7,11-trien-5-one, 6α-hydroxy-10β-methoxy-7α,8α-epoxy-5-oxocasbane-20,10-olide, 15α-hydroxylup-20(29)-en-3-one, and (2R,4aR,8aR)-3,4,4a,8a-tetrahydro-4a-hydroxy-2,6,7,8a-tetramethyl-2-(4,8, 12-trimethyltridecyl)-2H-chromene-5,8-dione were isolated from the methanol extracts of Ricinus communis by chromatographic methods.[28] Partitioned h-hexane fraction of Ricinus root methanol extract resulted in enrichment of two triterpenes: lupeol and urs-6-ene-3,16-dione (erandone). Crude methanolic extract, enriched n-hexane fraction and isolates at doses 100 mg/kg p.o. exhibited significant (P < 0.001) anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan-induced hind paw oedema model.[29] <h2>Modern commercial usage</h2> <div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/2006castor_oil_seed.PNG/220px-2006castor_oil_seed.PNG" width="220" height="96" class="thumbimage" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"></div> Seed output in 2006</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Castor_bean_in_distubred_area.jpg/220px-Castor_bean_in_distubred_area.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" /> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"></div> Plant in disturbed area</div> </div> </div> <div class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: Castor oil</div> Global castor seed production is around two million tons per year. Leading producing areas are India (with over three-quarters of the global yield), China and Mozambique, and it is widely grown as a crop in Ethiopia. There are several active breeding programmes. <div></div> <h3>Production</h3> <table border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" width="100%" class="wikitable" align="left"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="5">Top ten castor oil seed producers – 2013</th> </tr> <tr> <th width="25%" bgcolor="#ddddff">Country</th> <th width="15%" bgcolor="#ddddff">Production (Tonnes)</th> <th width="10%" bgcolor="#ddddff">Footnote</th> </tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" /> India</td> <td align="right">1,744,000</td> <td align="right"></td> </tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" /> People's Republic of China</td> <td align="right">60,000</td> <td align="right">*</td> </tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" /> Mozambique</td> <td align="right">60,000</td> <td align="right">F</td> </tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" width="23" height="12" class="thumbborder" /> Ethiopia</td> <td align="right">13,000</td> <td align="right">*</td> </tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" /> Thailand</td> <td align="right">12,000</td> <td align="right">*</td> </tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" width="22" height="15" class="thumbborder" /> Brazil</td> <td align="right">11,953</td> <td align="right"></td> </tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Paraguay.svg/23px-Flag_of_Paraguay.svg.png" width="23" height="13" class="thumbborder" /> Paraguay</td> <td align="right">11,000</td> <td align="right">*</td> </tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" /> South Africa</td> <td align="right">6,200</td> <td align="right">F</td> </tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" /> Pakistan</td> <td align="right">6,000</td> <td align="right">*</td> </tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" width="23" height="15" class="thumbborder" /> Vietnam</td> <td align="right">6,000</td> <td align="right">*</td> </tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#cccccc"> World</td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" align="right">1,854,775</td> <td bgcolor="#cccccc" align="right">A</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="5">No symbol = official figure, F = FAO estimate, * = Unofficial/Semi-official/mirror data, A = Aggregate (may include official, semi-official or estimates); Source: Food And Agricultural Organization of United Nations: Economic And Social Department: The Statistical Division </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div></div> <h3>Other modern uses</h3> <ul> <li>Whether natural, blended, or chemically altered, castor oil still has many uses. For example, it remains of commercial importance as a non-freezing, antimicrobial, pressure-resistant lubricant for special purposes, either of latex or metals, or as a lubricating component of fuels.[30]</li> <li>Castor products are sources of various chemical feedstocks.[31]</li> <li>In Brazil, castor oil (locally known as mamona oil) is a raw material for some varieties of biodiesel.</li> <li>In rural areas, the abundant seeds are used by children for slingshot balls, as they have the right weight, size, and hardness.</li> <li>Because castor seeds are attractively patterned, they are popular in low-cost personal adornments, such as non-durable necklaces and bracelets.</li> <li>Castor oil has long been used on the skin to prevent dryness. Either purified or processed, it still is a component of many cosmetics.</li> <li>The high percentage of ricinoleic acid residues in castor oil and its derivatives, inhibits many microbes, whether viral, bacterial or fungal. They accordingly are useful components of many ointments and similar preparations.</li> <li>Castor oil is the major raw material for polyglycerol polyricinoleate, a modifier that improves the flow characteristics of cocoa butter in the manufacture of chocolate bars, and thereby the costs.</li> <li>Castor oil is used in the USA to repel moles and voles for lawn care.</li> </ul> <h2>Historical usage</h2> Castor seeds have been found in Egyptian tombs dating back to 4000 BC; the slow-burning oil was mostly used to fuel lamps. Herodotus and other Greek travellers noted the use of castor seed oil for lighting, body ointments, and improving hair growth and texture. Cleopatra is reputed to have used it to brighten the whites of her eyes. The Ebers Papyrus is an ancient Egyptian medical treatise believed to date from 1552 BC. Translated in 1872, it describes castor oil as a laxative.[32] The use of castor bean oil (eranda) in India has been documented since 2000 BC in lamps and in local medicine as a laxative, purgative, and cathartic in Unani, Ayurvedic, siddha and other ethnomedical systems. Traditional Ayurvedic and siddha medicine considers castor oil the king of medicinals for curing arthritic diseases. It is regularly given to children orally, for de-worming.[citation needed] The ancient Romans had a variety of medicinal/cosmetic uses for both the seeds and the leaves of Ricinus communis. The naturalist Pliny the Elder cited the poisonous qualities of the seeds, but mentioned that they could be used to form wicks for oil lamps (possibly if crushed together), and the oil for use as a laxative and lamp oil.[33] He also recommends the use of the leaves as follows: <blockquote class="templatequote"> "The leaves are applied topically with vinegar for erysipelas, and fresh-gathered, they are used by themselves for diseases of the mamillæ [breasts] and de- fluxions; a decoction of them in wine, with polentaand saffron, is good for inflammations of various kinds. Boiled by themselves, and applied to the face for three successive days, they improve the complexion."[34] </blockquote> In Haiti it is called maskreti,[35] where the plant is turned into a red oil that is then given to newborns as a purgative to cleanse the insides of their first stools.[36] Castor seed and its oil have also been used in China for centuries, mainly prescribed in local medicine for internal use or use in dressings. Castor oil was used as an instrument of coercion by the paramilitary Blackshirts under the regime of Italian dictator Benito Mussolini, as well as by the Spanish Civil Guard in Francoist Spain. Dissidents and regime opponents were forced to ingest the oil in large amounts, triggering severe diarrhea and dehydration, which could ultimately cause death. This punishment method was originally thought of by Gabriele D'Annunzio, the Italian poet and Fascist supporter, during the First World War. (See also: Castor oil's use as a means of intimidation in Fascist Italy) </div> <script src="//cdn.public.n1ed.com/G3OMDFLT/widgets.js"></script>

MHS 125 (4.5g)

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Cluster fig Seeds (Ficus...

2,10 € SKU: V 19 FR

Seeds Gallery Com,

5/ 5

<h2 class="">Cluster fig Seeds (Ficus racemose)</h2> <h2>Price for Package of 10 seeds.</h2> Ficus racemosa (syn. Ficus glomerata Roxb.) is a species of plant in the family Moraceae. Popularly known as the cluster fig tree, Indian fig tree or goolar (gular) fig, this is native to Australia, Malesia, Indo-China, and the Indian subcontinent. It is unusual in that its figs grow on or close to the tree trunk, termed cauliflory. In India, the tree and its fruit are called gular in the north and atti in the south. The fruits are a favourite staple of the common Indian macaque. It serves as a food plant for the caterpillars of the two-brand crow butterfly (Euploea sylvester) of northern Australia. In Hinduism In the Atharva Veda, this fig tree (Sanskrit: uḍumbara or udumbara)[2] is given prominence as a means for acquiring prosperity and vanquishing foes.[3] For instance, regarding an amulet of the udumbara tree, a hymn (AV xix,31) extols: The Lord of amulets art thou, most mighty: in the wealth's ruler that engendered riches, These gains are lodged in the, and all great treasures. Amulet, conquer thou: far from us banish malignity and indigence, and hunger. Vigour art thou, in me do thou plant vigour: riches art thou, so do thou grant me riches. Plenty art thou, so prosper me with plenty: House-holder, hear a householder's petition.[4] It has been described in the story of Raja Harischandra of the Ikshvaku dynasty, that the crown was a branch of this udumbura tree, set in a circlet of gold. Additionally, the throne (simhasana) was constructed out of this wood and the royal personage would ascend it on his knee, chanting to the gods to ascend it with him, which they did so, albeit unseen. Its leaves are an indispensable part of many Hindu havans. In Buddhism Both the tree and the flower are referred to as the udumbara (Sanskrit, Pali; Devanagari: उडुम्बर) in Buddhism.[5] Udumbara can also refer to the blue lotus (nila-udumbara, "blue udumbara") flower. The udumbara flower appears in chapters 2 and 27 of the Lotus Sutra, an important Mahayana Buddhist text. The Japanese word udon-ge (優曇華, literally "udon/udumbara flower") was used by Dōgen Zenji to refer to the flower of the udumbara tree in chapter 68 of the Shōbōgenzō ("Treasury of the Eye of the True Dharma"). Dōgen places the udonge in the context of the Flower Sermon given by Gautama Buddha on Vulture Peak. Udonge is also used to refer to the eggs of the lacewing insect. The eggs are laid in a pattern similar to a flower, and its shape is used for divination in Asian fortune telling. In Theravada Buddhism, the plant is said to have used as the tree for achieved enlightenment (bodhi) by the 26th Lord Buddha, Konaagama (Sinhala: කෝණාගම). Uses The Ovambo people call the fruit of the cluster fig eenghwiyu and use it to distill ombike, their traditional liquor. Health uses The bark of audumbar (oudumbar) tree is said to have healing power. In countries like India, the bark is rubbed on a stone with water to make a paste, which can be applied over afflicted by boils or mosquito bites. Allow the paste to dry on the skin and reapply after a few hours. For people whose skin is especially sensitive to insect bites, this is a very simple home remedy.<script src="//cdn.public.n1ed.com/G3OMDFLT/widgets.js"></script>

V 19 FR (10 S)

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This plant is medicinal plant

Ayurveda Plant

Közönséges orchideafa mag...

1,25 € SKU: T 91

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5/ 5

<h2 class="">Közönséges orchideafa mag (Bauhinia variegata)</h2> <h2>Az ár 5 mag csomagra vonatkozik.</h2> A Bauhinia variegata virágos növényfaj a hüvelyesek, a Fabaceae családba. Kínától Délkelet-Ázsián át az indiai szubkontinensen egy olyan területen honos. A közönséges nevek közé tartozik az orchideafa (bár nem tartozik az Orchidaceae családhoz) és a hegyi ében. Ez egy kis és közepes méretű fa, amely 10–12 méter magasra nő, száraz évszakban lombhullató. A levelek 10–20 centiméter (3,9–7,9 hüvelyk) alakúak, hosszúak és szélesek, lekerekítettek, az alján és a csúcsán kétgömbösek. A virágok szembetűnőek, élénk rózsaszínűek vagy fehérek, átmérőjük 8–12 centiméter (5,1–4,7 hüvelyk), öt szirommal. A pollenek hosszúkásak, körülbelül 75 mikron hosszúak. A gyümölcs 15–30 centiméter (5,9–11,8 hüvelyk) hosszú mag, több magot tartalmaz. A magmag teljesen kiszárad a fán, és amikor az érett hélix vagy dugóhúzó alakúra csavarodni kezd (lásd alább), végül nyitva robbant fel - nagyon hallható "pattintással" -, hogy magjait a környezetbe juttassa. Termesztésben Ez egy nagyon népszerű díszfa fa szubtrópusi és trópusi éghajlaton, illatos virágai miatt termesztik, és az indiai konyhában élelmiszerként is használják. A Neotropics-ban a kolibri - például zafírpofás smaragd (Amazilia lactea), csillogó hasú smaragd (Chlorostilbon lucidus) vagy fehértorkú kolibri (Leucochloris albicollis) - kertekbe és parkokba vonzására használható. Másrészt egyes területeken honosított és invazívvá vált. Használ A Kachnar egy helyi név az indiai szubkontinensen a fáról gyűjtött ehető rügyekről; széles körben használják szubkontinens receptek összetevőjeként. A hagyományos kachnar curry kachnar rügyek, joghurt, hagyma és natív fűszerek felhasználásával készül. A kachnari rügyeket keverés közben sült zöldségként is fogyasztják, és az indiai szubkontinens sok részén achaárt, savanyúságot készítenek belőlük. Jó antioxidáns és rákellenes aktivitást mutat. Hogyan csírázik? Könnyen. A magokat, amelyeket 24 órán át friss szobahőmérsékletű vízben tartott, vetje be a nedves, tofával töltött edénybe, háromszor mélyebbre, mint a vetőmag, és öntse meg. Várja meg, amíg csírázik, a talajt nedvesen tartva meleg környezetben, közvetlen napsütés nélkül, amíg a csírázás meg nem történik. Megfelelő körülmények között a csírázás 21-30 nap múlva mindenképpen megtörténik. A csírázási hőmérséklet 18-22 fok között alakul. Kerülje a magasabb vagy alacsonyabb hőmérsékleteket. * Ha egy kis lyukat készít a héjban azáltal, hogy a vetőmag egyik oldalán bevágást készít, hogy a mag könnyen felszívja a vizet, miközben a vízben várakozik, a dolgok gyorsabbá és könnyebbé válnak. Gondozás és egyéb információk Könnyen alkalmazkodhat sok talajtípushoz. A teljes napsütéstől félárnyékig ültetik a régiónak megfelelően. Növekedhet agyagos és meszes talajokban. Olyan talajokban fejlődik ki, amelyek pH-értéke semleges közeli, és savanyúvá válik lúgossá, ideális esetben 6-8 Ph-nál. Hol termesztik? Könnyű fagyálló kültéri növény. Alkalmas bonsai alkalmazásokhoz. Mérsékelt növekedést mutat. <script src="//cdn.public.n1ed.com/G3OMDFLT/widgets.js"></script>

T 91 (5 S)

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Pepino Dulce, Melon Pear...

2,95 € SKU: V 59

Seeds Gallery Com,

5/ 5

<h2>Pepino Dulce, Melon Pear Seeds (Solanum muricatum)</h2> <h3>Price for Package of 5 seeds.</h3> Solanum muricatum is a species of evergreen shrub native to South America and grown for its sweet edible fruit. It is known as pepino dulce ("sweet pepino") or simply pepino; the latter is also used for similar species such as "S. mucronatum" (which actually seems to belong in the related genus Lycianthes). The pepino dulce fruit resembles a melon (Cucumis melo) in color, and its flavor recalls a succulent mixture of honeydew and cucumber, and thus it is also sometimes called pepino melon or melon pear, but pepinos are only very distantly related to melons and pears. Another common name, "tree melon", is more often used for the Papaya (Carica papaya) and the pepino dulce plant does generally not look much like a tree. The present species is, however, a close relative of other nightshades cultivated for their fruit, including the tomato (S. lycopersicum) and the eggplant (S. melongena), which its own fruit closely resembles. The fruit is common in markets in Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru and Chile, but less often overseas because it is quite sensitive to handling and does not travel well. Attempts to produce commercial cultivars and to export the fruit have been made in New Zealand, Turkey and Chile. Distribution and habitat The pepino dulce is presumed to be native to the temperate Andean regions of Colombia, Peru and Chile, though it is not known in the wild and the details of its domestication are unknown.Thepepino is a domesticated native of the Andes. Cultivation Moche clay vessel with pepino decoration (Larco Museum) Pepinos are not often found archaeologically as they are soft and pulpy and not easy to preserve, while their tough seeds are small and easily lost among debris. But they were already described by early Spanish chroniclers as being cultivated on the coast; the Moche Valley in Peru was particularly famous for them. They were a popular decorative motif in Moche art. In the United States the fruit is known to have been grown in San Diego before 1889 and in Santa Barbara by 1897. More commercially viable cultivars were introduced from New Zealand and elsewhere towards the end of the 20th century, leading to its introduction into up-scale markets in Japan, Europe and North America. The pepino dulce is relatively hardy. In its native range it grows at altitudes ranging from close to sea level up to 3,000 m (10,000 ft.). However, it performs best in a warm, relatively frost-free climate. The plant can survive a low temperature of -2.5°C (27 to 28°F) if the freeze is not prolonged, though it may drop many of its leaves.[2] The species is a perennial, but its sensitivity to chilling, pests, and diseases force the growers to replant the crop every year. The crop also adapts well to greenhouse cultivation, training the plants up to 2 m tall, and obtaining yields that are 2-3 times larger than those obtained outdoors. They are propagated by cuttings since they are established easily without rooting hormones. It is grown in a manner similar to its relatives such as the tomato, though it grows naturally upright by habit and can thus be cultivated as a free-standing bush, though it is sometimes pruned on trellises. Additionally, supports are sometimes used to keep the weight of the fruit from pulling the plant down. It has a fast growth rate and bears fruit within 4 to 6 months after planting. It is a perennial, but is usually cultivated as an annual. Seedlings are intolerant of weeds, but it can later easily compete with low growing weeds. Like their relatives tomatoes, eggplants, tomatillos and tamarillos, pepinos are extremely attractive to beetles, aphids, white flies and spider mites. Pepinos are tolerant of most soil types, but require constant moisture for good fruit production. Established bushes show some tolerance to drought stress, but this typically affects yield. The plants are parthenocarpic, meaning it needs no pollination to set fruit, though pollination will encourage fruiting. Ripe pepinos The plant is grown primarily in Chile, New Zealand and Western Australia. In Chile, more than 400 hectares are planted in the Longotoma Valley with an increasing proportion of the harvest being exported. Colombia, Peru, and Ecuador also grow the plant, but on a more local scale. Outside of the Andean region, it been grown in various countries of Central America, Morocco, Spain, Israel, and the highlands of Kenya. In the United States several hundred hectares of the fruit are grown on a small scale in Hawaii and California. More commercially viable cultivars have been introduced from New Zealand and elsewhere in more recent times. As a result, the fruit has been introduced into up-scale markets in Japan, Europe and North America and it is slowly becoming less obscure outside of South America. Delicate and mild-flavored, pepinos are often eaten as a fresh snack fruit, though they combine very well with a number of other fruits as well. The study of the molecular variation of this pepino is of interest for several reasons. Although the seeds of pepino plants are fertile and produce vigorous offspring, this crop is primarily propagated by cuttings (Heiser, 1964; Anderson, 1979; Morley-Bunker, 1983), and as a consequence, its genetic structure could be different from that of seed-propagated crops. <script src="//cdn.public.n1ed.com/G3OMDFLT/widgets.js"></script>

V 59 5S

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This plant is resistant to winter and frost.

Atemoya magok (Annona ×...

5,95 € SKU: V 10 AAC

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5/ 5

<h2>Atemoya magok (Annona × cherimoya)</h2> <h2>Ár csomag 3 magot.</h2> Az atemoya, Annona × cherimoya vagy Annona squamosa × Annona cherimola két gyümölcs - a cukor-alma (Annona squamosa) és a cherimoya (Annona cherimola) - hibridje, amelyek egyaránt az amerikai trópusokon honosak. Ez a gyümölcs népszerű Tajvanon, ahol "ananászcukor-almának" (鳳梨釋迦) nevezik, ezért néha tévesen úgy gondolják, hogy a cukor-alma és az ananász kereszteződése. Kubában anón néven, Venezuelában pedig chirimorinon néven ismert. Izraelben és Libanonban a gyümölcsöt achta-nak hívják, Izraelben azonban gyakoribb Annonát latinnak nevezni. Tanzániában stafeli dogónak ("mini soursop") hívják. Brazíliában az atemoya népszerűvé vált, és 2011-ben Brazíliában mintegy 1200 hektár atemoia termesztett. Az atemoya általában szív alakú vagy lekerekített, halványzöld, könnyen zúzódó, rögös bőrrel rendelkezik. A szár közelében a bőr göröngyös, mint a cukor-almában, de simábbá válik, mint az alsó cherimoya. A hús nem tagolt, mint a cukor alma, nagyobb hasonlóságot mutat a cherimoyaéval. Nagyon lédús és sima, kissé édes és kissé fanyar ízű, a piña coladára emlékeztet. Az íze a vaníliára is hasonlít cukor-alma szülőjéből. [3] Számos ehetetlen, mérgező, fekete mag található az atemoya húsában. [4] Érett állapotában a gyümölcs kihúzható a héjból, és hűtve fogyasztható. Az Atemoya-t (Annona cherimola × squamosa) a cherimoya (A. cherimola) cukor-almával (A. squamosa) való keresztezésével fejlesztették ki. Természetes hibrideket találtak Venezuelában, és az 1930-as és 1940-es években véletlenszerű hibrideket figyeltek meg a szomszédos cukor alma- és cherimoya ligetekben Izraelben. [5] Az első keresztet P.J. Wester, az USDA szubtrópusi laboratóriumának kertész kertésze tette meg 1908-ban. Az így kapott gyümölcsök kiváló minőségűek voltak, mint a cukor-alma, és az "atemoya" nevet kapták, az ate kombinációját, a cukor-alma régi mexikói elnevezését és a cserimoi "moya" nevet. Ezt követően, 1917-ben, Edward Simmons a miami Plant Introduction Station-nél sikeresen termesztett hibrideket, amelyek túlélték a hőmérséklet -3,1 ° C-ra történő csökkenését, megmutatva az atemoya szívósságát egyik szülőjétől, a cherimoyától. Az atemoya, hasonlóan a többi annonai fához, protognikus, hermafrodita virágokat hordoz, és az önporzás ritka. Ezért a mesterséges kézi beporzás szinte mindig garantálja a kiváló minőségű gyümölcsöket. Az egyik fajta, a „Geffner”, kézi beporzás nélkül is jól termel. A „Bradley” szép növényeket is termel kézi beporzás nélkül, de a gyümölcs szokása, hogy hasít a fára. [6] Az atemoyák néha elfajultak, egyik oldalon fejletlenek, a nem megfelelő beporzás következtében. Női szakaszában egy atemoya virág 14:00 és 16:00 óra között nyílik; a következő délután 15:00 és 17:00 óra között a virág hím szakaszába tér át.<script src="//cdn.public.n1ed.com/G3OMDFLT/widgets.js"></script>

V 10 AAC (3 S)

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Sétányrózsa mag (Lantana...

1,95 € SKU: MHS 59

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5/ 5

<h2 class="">Sétányrózsa mag (Lantana camara)</h2> <h2>Ár egy csomag 10 magot.</h2> A sétányrózsa vagy színváltóvirág (Lantana camara) a vasfűfélék vagy verbénafélék családjának Lantana nemzetségébe tartozó, dísznövényként hazánkban is terjedő örökzöld cserje. <h2 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.5em;">Származása, élőhelye</h2> Brazília trópusi-szubtrópusi tájainak gyomnövénye. Európába gyógyhatása miatt hozták be a spanyolok. Afrikába, Ausztráliába, Indiába dísznövényként került, de mára gyomként szaporodott el, a madarak gyorsan terjesztik magvait. Igen gyorsan terjed, a kiirtására tett próbálkozások sikertelennek bizonyultak, pedig sok fontos endemikus faj, köztük a szálafa (Shorea robusta) életlehetőségeit csökkenti.[1] Sokféle hibridje ismert; ezek némelyike steril. <h2 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.5em;">Tulajdonságai</h2> Többnyire 1–2 m magasra nő, de kaphatóak fácskának nevelt és bokros változai is. Metszéssel tetszőleges alakúvá nevelhető. Gyökérrendszere erőteljes; gyorsan fejlődik. Átellenes, egyesével álló redőzött, hosszúkás, sötétzöld levelei közvetlenül a sudár ágak mentén nőnek. A levelek és a hajtások is szőrösek. A hajtáscsúcsokon fejlődnek és késő tavasztól késő őszig nyílnak a verbénáéhoz hasonlító, domború virágzatok, amiket a pillangók és a méhek is igen kedvelnek. Mindegyik virág apró csöves és központi szemes. Levelei és virágai egyaránt átható, citromos illatot árasztanak. Majdnem fekete, lilás-bordó bogyótermése éretlenül, zölden, mérgező. Legjellemzőbb mérgező alkaloidjai a lantadin A és B. Az érett magok bordó színűek. Számos növényt nem tűr meg a közelében (allelopata), de a rokon vasvirágokkal vagy a petúniákkal összeültethető. Sok rovart is elriaszt. <h2 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.5em;">Termesztése[szerkesztés]</h2> <div class="thumb tright" style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> <div class="thumbinner" style="font-size: 13.16px;"><img alt="Sétányrózsa.jpg" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/S%C3%A9t%C3%A1nyr%C3%B3zsa.jpg/200px-S%C3%A9t%C3%A1nyr%C3%B3zsa.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/S%C3%A9t%C3%A1nyr%C3%B3zsa.jpg/300px-S%C3%A9t%C3%A1nyr%C3%B3zsa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/S%C3%A9t%C3%A1nyr%C3%B3zsa.jpg/400px-S%C3%A9t%C3%A1nyr%C3%B3zsa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"> <div class="thumbcaption" style="font-size: 12.3704px;"> <div class="magnify"></div> </div> </div> </div> Könnyen nevelhető; szaporítása még a kezdő kertészkedőnek sem sem okoz gondot. Tarthatjuk cserépben, edényben, függőkosárban. A talaj szerkezetéről szinte függetlenül jól fejlődik, de csak tápanyagdús környezetben virágzik gazdagon. Célszerű átlagos, jó vízgazdálkodású, semleges kémhatású (6,5–7 pH) kerti földbe ültetni. Kedveli a tőzeget. Fagyérzékeny, a szabadban nem telel át. Télen minimum 10–13 °C-t igényel. Mivel leveleit télen sem hullajtja le, ezért fontos, hogy világos helyen teleltessük, de ha ágait tövig visszavágjuk, levihetjük a pincébe is. Nyáron sok, de nem direkt fényre van szüksége. Akár az udvarra is kivihetjük, de a tűző, déli naptól védeni kell. Télen ritkábban (havonta egyszer), tavasztól őszig rendszeresen öntözni kell (hetente tápoldattal is). Két öntözés között hagyni kell, hogy a földje kiszáradjon. A leveleit célszerű időnként permetezni. A szárazságot is tűri, de ilyenkor kevesebb virágot hoz. Ha ez szükséges, a többi szobanövényhez hasonlóan tavasszal ültessük át. Ha májusig visszavágjuk hosszabb hajtásait, több virágot hoz. Ha elvirágzott, vágjuk vissza a szárait kb. a felére! A levágott darabokból hajtásdugványt készítve az év bármely szakában szaporítható. Ha törzses fácskát akarunk nevelni belőle, meg kell hagyni egy vezérágat, az oldalhajtásokat pedig félgömb alakban kell visszacsípni. Két-háromévenként a növényeket meg kell újítani, mert az idősebb példányok előbb-utóbb megcsúnyulnak. Magjait kora tavasszal kell elvetni. Olyankor, amikor nem virágzik, nem különösen mutatós: levelei ráncosak, a szára szúrós. Egész nyáron nyíló, kezdetben citromsárga, narancssárga, majd tűzvörös és végül lilásba forduló ernyővirágzata azonban kimondottan látványos. Fehér, halványlila, sötétpiros és rózsaszín virágú változata is van. Az üvegházi molytetűre (liszteskére) nagyon érzékeny. <h2 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.5em;">Gyógyhatása, használata</h2> Levelei összezúzva, borogatásként antiszeptikusak és csillapítják a fájdalmakat. Rovarcsípésekre, vágásokra, horzsolásokra jól alkalmazhatók. Főzetüket Mexikóban gyomorbántalmak ellen használják, másutt kígyómarást gyógyítanak vele. Teája reuma, megfázás, láz, torokfájás ellen hatékony. A levélforrázatot inhalálva légúti problémáinkat kezelhetjük. A száraz levelek füstje szúnyogriasztó. Rokona, a kúszó sétányrózsa (Lantana montevidensis) ideális talajtakaró növény. <script src="//cdn.public.n1ed.com/G3OMDFLT/widgets.js"></script>

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<h2>Fizikai dió - magvak (Jatropha curcas)</h2> <h2>Ár egy csomag 3 magot.</h2> Jatropha curcas is a species of flowering plant in the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae, that is native to the American tropics, most likely Mexico and Central America.[2] It is originally native to the tropical areas of the Americas from Mexico to Argentina, and has been spread throughout the world in tropical and subtropical regions around the world, becoming naturalized or invasive in many areas.[3] The specific epithet, "curcas", was first used by Portuguese doctor Garcia de Orta more than 400 years ago.[4] Common names in English include physic nut, Barbados nut, poison nut, bubble bush or purging nut.[3] In parts of Africa and areas in Asia such as India it is often known as "castor oil plant" or "hedge castor oil plant",[3] but it is not the same as the usual castor oil plant, Ricinus communis (they are in the same family but different subfamilies). J. curcas is a semi-evergreen shrub or small tree, reaching a height of 6 m (20 ft) or more.[2] It is resistant to a high degree of aridity, allowing it to grow in deserts.[5][6] It contains phorbol esters, which are considered toxic.[7] However, edible (non-toxic) provenances native to Mexico also exist, known by the local population as piñón manso, xuta, chuta, aishte, among others.[8][9] J. curcas also contains compounds such as trypsin inhibitors, phytate, saponins and a type of lectin[10][11] known as curcin.[12] The seeds contain 27–40% oil[13] (average: 34.4%[14]) that can be processed to produce a high-quality biodiesel fuel, usable in a standard diesel engine. Edible (non-toxic) varieties can be used for animal feed and food. <h2 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.5em;">Botanical features</h2> <ul> <li>Leaves: The leaves have significant variability in their morphology. In general, the leaves are green to pale green, alternate to subopposite, and three- to five-lobed with a spiral phyllotaxis.[16]</li> <li>Flowers: male and female flowers are produced on the same inflorescence, averaging 20 male flowers to each female flower,[17] or 10 male flowers to each female flower.[18] The inflorescence can be formed in the leaf axil. Plants occasionally present hermaphroditic flowers.[16]</li> <li>Fruits : fruits are produced in winter, or there may be several crops during the year if soil moisture is good and temperatures are sufficiently high. Most fruit production is concentrated from midsummer to late fall with variations in production peaks where some plants have two or three harvests and some produce continuously through the season.[16]</li> <li>Seeds: the seeds are mature when the capsule changes from green to yellow. The seeds contain around 20% saturated fatty acids and 80% unsaturated fatty acids, and they yield 25–40% oil by weight. In addition, the seeds contain other chemical compounds, such as saccharose, raffinose, stachyose, glucose, fructose, galactose, and protein. The oil is largely made up of oleic and linoleic acids. Furthermore, the plant also contains curcasin, arachidic, myristic, palmitic, and stearic acids and curcin.[16]</li> <li>Genome: the whole genome was sequenced by Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Chiba Japan in October 2010.</li> </ul> <h2 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.5em;">Cultivation</h2> Cultivation is uncomplicated. Jatropha curcas grows in tropical and subtropical regions.[20] The plant can grow in wastelands and grows on almost any terrain, even on gravelly, sandy and saline soils. It can thrive in poor and stony soils, although new research suggests that the plant's ability to adapt to these poor soils is not as extensive as had been previously stated. Complete germination is achieved within 9 days. Adding manure during the germination has negative effects during that phase, but is favorable if applied after germination is achieved. It can be propagated by cuttings, which yields faster results than multiplication by seeds. The flowers only develop terminally (at the end of a stem), so a good ramification (plants presenting many branches) produces the greatest amount of fruits. The plants are self-compatible.[17] Another productivity factor is the ratio between female and male flowers within an inflorescence, more female flowers mean more fruits.[18] Jatropha curcas thrives on a mere 250 mm (10 in) of rain a year, and only during its first two years does it need to be watered in the closing days of the dry season. Ploughing and planting are not needed regularly, as this shrub has a life expectancy of approximately forty years. The use of pesticides is not necessary, due to the pesticidal and fungicidal properties of the plant. It is used in rural Bengal for dhobi itch (a common fungal infection of the skin). While Jatropha curcas starts yielding from 9–12 months time, the best yields are obtained only after 2–3 years time. The seed production is around 3.5 tons per hectare (seed production ranges from about 0.4 t/ha in the first year to over 5 t/ha after 3 years). If planted in hedges, the reported productivity of Jatropha is from 0.8 to 1.0 kg of seed per meter of live fence.[citation needed] <h2 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.5em;">Propagation</h2> Jatropha curcas can easily be propagated by both seed or cuttings. Some people recommend propagation by seed for establishment of long-lived plantations.[22] When jatropha plants develop from cuttings, they produce many branches but yield fewer seeds and do not have enough time to develop their taproot, which makes them sensitive to wind erosion.[23] The seeds exhibit orthodox storage behaviour and under normal treatment and storage will maintain viability at high percentages for eight months to a year.[24][25][26][22][27] Propagation through seed (sexual propagation) leads to a lot of genetic variability in terms of growth, biomass, seed yield and oil content. Clonal techniques can help in overcoming these problems. Vegetative propagation has been achieved by stem cuttings, grafting, budding as well as by air layering techniques. Cuttings should be taken preferably from juvenile plants and treated with 200 micro gram per litre of IBA (rooting hormone) to ensure the highest level of rooting in stem cuttings.[28] Cuttings strike root easily stuck in the ground without use of hormones. <h2 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.5em;">Processing</h2> Seed extraction and processing generally needs specialized facilities. Oil content varies from 28% to 30% and 80% extraction, one hectare of plantation will give 400 to 600 litres of oil if the soil is average.[29] The oily seeds are processed into oil, which may be used directly ("Straight Vegetable Oil") to fuel combustion engines or may be subjected to transesterification to produce biodiesel.[citation needed] Jatropha oil is not suitable for human consumption, as it induces strong vomiting and diarrhea.[citation needed] <h2 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.5em;">Biofuel</h2> <div class="thumb tright" style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> <div class="thumbinner" style="font-size: 13.16px;"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Jatropha_in_Paraguay_Chaco.jpg/220px-Jatropha_in_Paraguay_Chaco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Jatropha_in_Paraguay_Chaco.jpg/330px-Jatropha_in_Paraguay_Chaco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Jatropha_in_Paraguay_Chaco.jpg/440px-Jatropha_in_Paraguay_Chaco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="1000"> <div class="thumbcaption" style="font-size: 12.3704px;"> <div class="magnify"></div> Jatropha plantation in the dry center/west of the Paraguay Chaco</div> </div> </div> When jatropha seeds are crushed, the resulting jatropha oil can be processed to produce a high-quality biofuel or biodiesel that can be used in a standard diesel car or further processed into jet fuel, while the residue (press cake) can also be used as biomass feedstock to power electricity plants, used as fertilizer (it contains nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium). The cake can also be used as feed in digesters and gasifiers to produce biogas.[30] <div class="thumb tright" style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> <div class="thumbinner" style="font-size: 13.16px;"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Sedari_Menanam_Hingga_Memetik.jpg/220px-Sedari_Menanam_Hingga_Memetik.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Sedari_Menanam_Hingga_Memetik.jpg/330px-Sedari_Menanam_Hingga_Memetik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Sedari_Menanam_Hingga_Memetik.jpg/440px-Sedari_Menanam_Hingga_Memetik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1683"> <div class="thumbcaption" style="font-size: 12.3704px;"> <div class="magnify"></div> "From planting to picking. Treat your jatropha plant as well as possible to make the yield as large as possible!" (A reference to the compulsory planting of jatropha in Indonesia for the production of oil as machinery lubricant and fuel for the Japanese WWII war effort.)</div> </div> </div> There are several forms of biofuel, often manufactured using sedimentation, centrifugation, and filtration. The fats and oils are turned into esters while separating the glycerin. At the end of the process, the glycerin settles and the biofuel floats. The process through which the glycerin is separated from the biodiesel is known as transesterification. Glycerin is another by-product from Jatropha oil processing that can add value to the crop. Transesterification is a simple chemical reaction that neutralizes the free fatty acids present in any fatty substances in Jatropha. A chemical exchange takes place between the alkoxy groups of an ester compound by an alcohol. Usually, methanol and ethanol are used for the purpose. The reaction occurs by the presence of a catalyst, usually sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or caustic soda and potassium hydroxide (KOH), which forms fatty esters (e.g., methyl or ethyl esters), commonly known as biodiesel. It takes approximately 10% of methyl alcohol by weight of the fatty substance to start the transesterification process.[16] Estimates of Jatropha seed yield vary widely, due to a lack of research data, the genetic diversity of the crop, the range of environments in which it is grown, and Jatropha's perennial life cycle. Seed yields under cultivation can range from 1,500 to 2,000 kilograms per hectare, corresponding to extractable oil yields of 540 to 680 litres per hectare (58 to 73 gallons per acre).[31] In 2009 Time magazine cited the potential for as much as 1,600 gallons of diesel fuel per acre per year.[32] The plant may yield more than four times as much fuel per hectare as soybean, and more than ten times that of maize (corn), but at the same time it requires five times as much water per unit of energy produced as does corn (see below). A hectare of jatropha has been claimed to produce 1,892 litres of fuel.[33] However, as it has not yet been domesticated or improved by plant breeders, yields are variable.[34] Jatropha can also be intercropped with other cash crops such as coffee, sugar, fruits and vegetables.[35] In 2007 Goldman Sachs cited Jatropha curcas as one of the best candidates for future biodiesel production.[36] However, despite its abundance and use as an oil and reclamation plant, none of the Jatropha species has been properly domesticated and, as a result, its productivity is variable, and the long-term impact of its large-scale use on soil quality and the environment is unknown.[37] In 2008 researchers at Daimler Chrysler Research explored the use of jatropha oil for automotive use, concluding that although jatropha oil as fuel "has not yet reached optimal quality, ... it already fulfills the EU norm for biodiesel quality". Archer Daniels Midland Company, Bayer CropScience and Daimler AG have a joint project to develop jatropha as a biofuel.[38] Three Mercedes cars powered by Jatropha diesel have already put some 30,000 kilometres behind them. The project is supported by DaimlerChrysler and by the German Association for Investment and Development (Deutschen Investitions- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft, DEG). <h3 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.2em;">Jet fuel</h3> Aviation fuels may be more widely replaced by biofuels such as jatropha oil than fuels for other forms of transportation. There are fewer planes than cars or trucks and far fewer jet fueling stations to convert than gas stations.[39] To fulfil the yearly demand for aviation fuel, based on demand in 2008 (fuel use has since grown), an area of farmland twice the size of France would need to be planted with jatropha, based on average yields of mature plantations on reasonably good, irrigated land.[40] On December 30, 2008, Air New Zealand flew the first successful test flight from Auckland with a Boeing 747 running one of its four Rolls-Royce engines on a 50:50 blend of jatropha oil and jet A-1 fuel.[39][41] In the same press release, Air New Zealand announced plans to use the new fuel for 10% of its needs by 2013. At the time of this test, jatropha oil was much cheaper than crude oil, costing an estimated $43 a barrel or about one-third of the June 4, 2008 closing price of $122.30 for a barrel of crude oil.[42] On January 7, 2009 Continental Airlines successfully completed a test flight from Houston, Texas using a 50/50 mixture of algae/jatropha-oil-derived biofuel and Jet A in one of the two CFM56 engines of a Boeing 737-800 Next Generation jet. The two-hour test flight could mark another promising step for the airline industry to find cheaper and more environmentally friendly alternatives to fossil fuel. On April 1, 2011 Interjet completed the first Mexican aviation biofuels test flight on an Airbus A320. The fuel was a 70:30 traditional jet fuel biojet blend produced from Jatropha oil provided by three Mexican producers, Global Energías Renovables (a wholly owned subsidiary of U.S.-based Global Clean Energy Holdings), Bencafser S.A. and Energy JH S.A. Honeywell's UOP processed the oil into Bio-SPK (Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene).[43] Global Energías Renovables operates the largest Jatropha farm in the Americas.[43] On October 28, 2011 Air China completed the first successful demonstration flight by a Chinese airline that used jatropha-based biofuel. The mixture was a 50:50 mix of conventional jet fuel blended with jatropha oil from China National Petroleum Corp. The 747-400 powered one of its four engines on the fuel mixture during the 1-hour flight around Beijing airport.[44] On August 27, 2018 SpiceJet completed the first successful test flight by an Indian airline which used jatropha based biofuel. The ratio of conventional jet fuel to jatropha oil was 25:75.[45] <h3 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.2em;">Carbon dioxide sequestration</h3> According to a 2013 study published by the European Geosciences Union,[46] the jatropha tree may have applications in the absorption of carbon dioxide, whose sequestration is important in combating climate change.[47] This small tree is very resistant to aridity so it can be planted in hot and dry land in soil unsuitable for food production. The plant does need water to grow though, so coastal areas where desalinated seawater can be made available are ideal. <h3 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.2em;">Use in developing world</h3> Currently the oil from Jatropha curcas seeds is used for making biodiesel fuel in Philippines, Pakistan and in Brazil, where it grows naturally and in plantations in the southeast, north, and northeast of Brazil. In the Gran Chaco of Paraguay, where a native variety (Jatropha matacensis) also grows, studies have shown the suitability of Jatropha cultivation[48][49] and agro producers are starting to consider planting in the region.[50] In Africa, cultivation of jatropha is being promoted and it is grown successfully in countries such as Mali.[51] <h4 style="color: #000000; font-size: 14px;">India</h4> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">Further information: Jatropha biodiesel in India</div> Jatropha oil is being promoted as an easily grown biofuel crop in hundreds of projects throughout India.[52] Large plantings and nurseries have been undertaken in India by many research institutions, and by women's self-help groups who use a system of microcredit to ease poverty among semiliterate Indian women. The railway line between Mumbai and Delhi is planted with jatropha and the train itself runs on 15–20% biodiesel.[34] <h4 style="color: #000000; font-size: 14px;">Myanmar[edit]</h4> <table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation" style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"> <div><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399"></div> </td> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)</div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> Myanmar is also actively pursuing the use of jatropha oil. On 15 December 2005, then-head of state, Senior General Than Shwe, said “the States and Divisions concerned are to put 50,000 acres (200 km²) under the physic nut plants [Jatropha] each within three years totalling 700,000 acres (2,800 km²) during the period”. On the occasion of Burma’s Peasant Day 2006, Than Shwe described in his a message that “For energy sector which is an essential role in transforming industrial agriculture system, the Government is encouraging for cultivation of physic nut plants nationwide and the technical know how that can refine physic nuts to biodiesel has also identified.” He would like to urge peasants to cultivate physic nut plants on a commercial scale with major aims for emergence of industrial agriculture system, for fulfilling rural electricity supply and energy needs, for supporting rural areas development and import substitute economy. (2005 from MRTV) In 2006, the chief research officer at state-run Myanma Oil and Gas Enterprise said Burma hoped to completely replace the country's oil imports of 40,000 barrels a day with home-brewed, jatropha-derived biofuel. Other government officials declared Burma would soon start exporting jatropha oil. Despite the military's efforts, the jatropha campaign apparently has largely flopped in its goal of making Burma self-sufficient in fuel. (2006 from MyawaddyTV) Z.G.S. Bioenergy has started Jatropha Plantation Projects in Northern Shan State, the company has begun planting Jatropha plants during late June 2007 and will start producing seeds by 2010. (20 July 2007 from New Light of Myanmar) <h3 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.2em;">Controversies</h3> As of 2011 scepticism about the "miracle" properties of Jatropha has been voiced. For example: "The idea that jatropha can be grown on marginal land is a red herring", according to Harry Stourton, former business development director of UK-based Sun Biofuels, which attempted to cultivate Jatropha in Mozambique and Tanzania. "It does grow on marginal land, but if you use marginal land you'll get marginal yields," he said.[53][54] Sun Biofuels, after failing to adequately compensate local farmers for the land acquired for their plantation in Tanzania, pay workers severance, or deliver promised supplies to local villagers, went bankrupt later in 2011, the villager farmland being sold to an offshore investment fund.[55] An August 2010 article warned about the actual utility and potential dangers of reliance on Jatropha in Kenya. Major concerns included its invasiveness, which could disrupt local biodiversity, as well as damage to water catchment areas.[56] Jatropha curcas is lauded as being sustainable, and that its production would not compete with food production, but the jatropha plant needs water like every other crop to grow. This could create competition for water between the jatropha and other edible food crops. In fact, jatropha requires five times more water per unit of energy than sugarcane and corn.[57][58] <h2 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.5em;">Food for human consumption</h2> Xuta, chuta, aishte or piñón manso (among others) are some of the names given in Mexico to edible non-toxic Jatropha curcas.[59][9] It is grown in house gardens or other small areas.[59] Although it is known as a toxic plant due to the presence of diterpenes named phorbol esters,[60] the existence of edible non-toxic J. curcas without phorbol esters content has been demonstrated.[9][61] It is also similarly reported that Jatropha seeds are edible once the embryo has been removed.[62] The process for analysis of phorbol ester contents in J. curcas is done through high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).[63] Xuta is traditionally prepared for local celebrations or popular parties. The kernels are roasted and eaten as a snack or roasted and ground to prepare different dishes, such as tamales, soups and sauces like “pipian”.[9][61] The seeds in the zone around Misantla, Veracruz are very appreciated by the population as food once they have been boiled and roasted. Root ashes are used as a salt substitute. HCN and rotenone are present.[64] <h2 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.5em;">Other uses</h2> <ul style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> <li>Flowers</li> </ul> <dl style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> <dd>The species is listed as a honey plant. Hydrogen cyanide is present.[65]</dd> </dl> <ul style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> <li>Nuts</li> </ul> <dl style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> <dd>Can be construed for home cooking fuel in briquette form replacing charcoalized timber as in Haiti.[66]</dd> <dd>They can be burned like candlenuts when strung on grass.[citation needed] HCN is present.</dd> <dd>Used as a contraceptive in South Sudan.[68]</dd> </dl> <ul style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> <li>Seeds</li> </ul> <dl style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> <dd>Interest exists in producing animal feed[citation needed] from the bio-waste once the oil is expressed, as in the case with Haiti, where Jatropha curcas grows prolifically and animal feed is in very short supply.[66]</dd> <dd>Similarly, Metsiyen in the Haitian culture dates back as a medicinal crop—thus the name "metsiyen"/"medsiyen". Some suggest it "calms the stomach".[66]</dd> <dd>Also used as a contraceptive in South Sudan.[68]</dd> <dd>The oil has been used for illumination, soap, candles, the adulteration of olive oil, and making Turkey red oil. Turkey red oil, also called sulphonated (or sulfated) castor oil, is the only oil that completely disperses in water. It is made by adding sulfuric acid to pure Jatropha oil.[69] It was the first synthetic detergent after ordinary soap, as this allows easy use for making bath oil products. It is used in formulating lubricants, softeners, and dyeing assistants.[70]</dd> </dl> <ul style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> <li>Bark</li> </ul> <dl style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> <dd>Used as a fish poison. HCN is present.[71] Igbinosa and colleagues (2009) demonstrated potential broad spectrum antimicrobial activity of J. curcas bark extract.[72]</dd> </dl> <ul style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> <li>Latex</li> </ul> <dl style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> <dd>Strongly inhibits the watermelon mosaic virus.[73]</dd> </dl> <ul style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> <li>Leaves</li> </ul> <dl style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> <dd>Leaf sap can be used to blow bubbles.[74]</dd> </dl> <ul style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> <li>Sap</li> </ul> <dl style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> <dd>It stains linen. Sometimes used for marking.[75]</dd> </dl> <ul style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> <li>Shrub</li> </ul> <dl style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> <dd>Used for erosion control.</dd> </dl><script src="//cdn.public.n1ed.com/G3OMDFLT/widgets.js"></script>

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