Last customers

  •  
    Costas, LARNACA , Cyprus
  •  
    Adrian, Ingolstadt, Germany
  •  
    Arno, Ehrenkirchen, Germany
  •  
    Arkaitz, Igorre, Spain
  •  
    Ricard, Sant Celoni, Spain
  •  
    Jennifer, Méru, France
  •  
    Léo, Athée, France
  •  
    asmina, les ulis , France
  •  
    CORINNE, NOTRE DAME DE LONDRES, France
  •  
    william, Dun, France
  •  
    Maureen , Enniscorthy Co Wexford , Ireland
  •  
    Alex, GORDONA, Italy
  •  
    Sonia, Minervino di Lecce, Italy
  •  
    Fulvio francesco, Santa Domenica Talao, Italy
  • Kenji, Nishitokyo-shi, Japan
  •  
    Nick, Waalwijk, Netherlands
  •  
    Stef, Waalwijk, Netherlands
  •  
    Lasse, 2900, Norway
  •  
    Grzegorz, Tuchom, Poland
  •  
    ionescu, valu lui traian, Romania
  •  
    Tanja, Beograd, Serbia
  •  
    Alaa, Alwajh, Saudi Arabia
  •  
    Tommy, Anderslöv, Sweden
  •  
    Tommy , Sundsvall , Sweden
  •  
    Lillemor, Glanshammar, Sweden
  •  
    Lucianne, Gävle, Sweden
  •  
    Henrik, Åkarp, Sweden
  •  
    Rok, Svinjsko 20, Slovenia
  •  
    Dušan, KRAVANY NAD DUNAJOM, Slovakia
  •  
    Pete, Cleves, United States

There are 344 products.

Showing 325-336 of 344 item(s)

Variety from India

This plant is medicinal plant

Ayurveda Plant
Kulikhara, Kokilaksah Seeds...

Kulikhara, Kokilaksah Seeds...

Price €3.95 SKU: VE 207 (1g)
,
5/ 5
<h2><strong>Kulikhara, Kokilaksah Seeds (Asteracantha longifolia)</strong></h2> <h2><span style="color: #f80000;"><strong>Price for Package of 450 (1g) Seeds.</strong></span></h2> Asteracantha longifolia is a herbaceous, medicinal plant in the acanthus family that grows in marshy places and is native to tropical Asia and Africa. In India, it is commonly known as kokilaksha or gokulakanta, in Sri Lanka as neeramulli. In Kerala it is called vayalchulli (വയൽച്ചുളളി). In Tamil, it is called Neermulli (நீர்முள்ளி).<br><br>Kulikhara, Kokilaksah, Long Leaves Barleria (Asteracantha longifolia) Nees, Acanthaceae, is a source of the ayurvedic drug, 'Kokilaaksha' and the Unani drug, Talimakhana. The seeds are acrid, bitter, aphrodisiac, tonic, sedative, used for diseases of the blood. The plant is known to possess antitumor, hypoglycemic, aphrodisiac, antibacterial, free radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation, hepatoprotective and hematopoietic activity. It contains lupeol, stigmasterol, bulletin, fatty acids, and alkaloids. The present review article is focused on phytochemical, pharmacological, and other important aspects of Talimakhana<br><br>Uses: Roots are sweet, sour, bitter, refrigerant, diuretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, hemopoietic, hepatoprotective, and tonic. It is useful in inflammations, hyperdipsia, strangury, jaundice, and vesical calculi. It is also used in flatulence and dysentery. Leaves are hemopoietic, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, antidiabetic, stomachic, ophthalmic, diuretic, and liver tonic. It is used in hepatic obstruction, jaundice, arthritis, rheumatism, and diseases of the urinogenital tract. It is useful in flatulence and other stomach-related diseases. It is useful in anemia and for treating blood diseases. It is used to lower the blood sugar level. Seeds are gelatinous, febrifuge, rejuvenating and nervine tonic. It is used in burning sensations, fever, and headaches. It is also used in diarrhea and dysentery. A paste of the seeds mixed with buttermilk or whey is given for diarrhea. A decoction of the roots is used as a diuretic and to treat rheumatism, gonorrhea, and other diseases of the genito-urinary tract, jaundice, and anasarca.<script src="//cdn.public.n1ed.com/G3OMDFLT/widgets.js"></script>
VE 207 (1g)
Kulikhara, Kokilaksah Seeds (Asteracantha longifolia)

This plant is medicinal plant

Ayurveda Plant
Orchid tree - mountain...

Orchid tree - mountain...

Price €1.25 SKU: T 91
,
5/ 5
<h2 class=""><strong>Orchid tree - mountain ebony seeds (Bauhinia variegata)</strong></h2> <h2 style="color: #232323; font-size: 2rem;"><span style="color: #ff0000;"><strong>Price for Package of 5 seeds.</strong></span></h2> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><i><b>Bauhinia variegata</b></i><span>&nbsp;</span>is a species of<span>&nbsp;</span>flowering plant<span>&nbsp;</span>in the legume family,<span>&nbsp;</span>Fabaceae. It is native to an area from China through<span>&nbsp;</span>Southeast Asia<span>&nbsp;</span>to the<span>&nbsp;</span>Indian subcontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-GRIN_2-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup><span>&nbsp;</span>Common names include<span>&nbsp;</span><b>orchid tree</b><span>&nbsp;</span>(though not belonging to the family<span>&nbsp;</span>Orchidaceae) and<span>&nbsp;</span><b>mountain ebony</b>.</p> <p>It is a small to medium-sized tree growing to 10–12 metres (33–39&nbsp;ft) tall,<span>&nbsp;</span>deciduous<span>&nbsp;</span>in the<span>&nbsp;</span>dry season. The<span>&nbsp;</span>leaves<span>&nbsp;</span>are 10–20 centimetres (3.9–7.9&nbsp;in) obcordate shaped, long and broad, rounded, and bilobed at the base and apex. The<span>&nbsp;</span>flowers<span>&nbsp;</span>are conspicuous, bright pink or white, 8–12 centimetres (3.1–4.7&nbsp;in) diameter, with five petals. Pollens are elongated, approximately 75 microns in length.</p> <p>The<span>&nbsp;</span>fruit<span>&nbsp;</span>is a<span>&nbsp;</span>seedpod<span>&nbsp;</span>15–30 centimetres (5.9–11.8&nbsp;in) long, containing several<span>&nbsp;</span>seeds. The seedpod dries completely on the tree, and when mature begins to twist into a helix or corkscrew shape, (see<span>&nbsp;</span>below), ultimately exploding open—with a very audible "clack"—to deliver its seeds into the environs.</p> <p>The anatomy of the stem was studied by taking transverse section. Periderm and cortex were seen distinctly. Secondary phloem was wide and continuous cylindrical, it consisted of thin and narrow straight rays, three or four cylinders of discontinuous masses of fibres and randomly distributed sieve elements. Secondary xylem was diffuse porous and it included vessels, fibres, xylem rays and xylem parenchyma. Xylem fibres had thick lignified walls or some had gelatinous walls. Xylem parenchyma cells were abundant in the xylem. Xylem rays were one cell wide; they were straight and consisted of radially elongated thick walled lignified walls. Calcium-oxalate crystals are predominantly prismatic crystals and druses type. Powder microscopical examination showed presence of fibres, parenchymatous cells, periderm and vessel elements. Histochemical analysis of stem showed presence of protein, tannin, lignin and cellulose.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[3]</sup></p> <p>The anatomy of the root was studied by taking transverse section. Secondary phloem and secondary xylem were seen distinctly. Secondary phloem had fairly wide rays, dense masses of phloem fibers and radial rows of phloem elements. Secondary xylem had much wider, thin-walled vessels which were either solitary or in radial multiples. The xylem fibers constituted gelatinous type and normal type. Calcium oxalate crystals were predominantly prismatic type. Powder microscopical examination showed presence of xylem parenchyma cells, xylem fibers and vessel elements.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup></p> <h2 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="In_cultivation">In cultivation</span></h2> <p>This is a very popular<span>&nbsp;</span>ornamental tree<span>&nbsp;</span>in subtropical and tropical climates, grown for its scented flowers and also used as a food item in<span>&nbsp;</span>Indian cuisine. In the<span>&nbsp;</span>Neotropics, it can be used to attract<span>&nbsp;</span>hummingbirds—such as<span>&nbsp;</span>sapphire-spangled emerald<span>&nbsp;</span>(<i>Amazilia lactea</i>),<span>&nbsp;</span>glittering-bellied emerald<span>&nbsp;</span>(<i>Chlorostilbon lucidus</i>), or<span>&nbsp;</span>white-throated hummingbird<span>&nbsp;</span>(<i>Leucochloris albicollis</i>)—into gardens and parks.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup><span>&nbsp;</span>On the other hand, in some areas it has become<span>&nbsp;</span>naturalised<span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span>invasive.</p> <h2 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Uses">Uses</span></h2> <p>Kachnar is a local name in the Indian subcontinent for the edible buds collected from the tree; it is widely used as an ingredient in many subcontinent recipes. Traditional kachnar curry is prepared using kachnar buds, yogurt, onions and native spices. Kachnar buds are also eaten as a stir-fried vegetable and used to make<span>&nbsp;</span>achaar, a pickle in many parts of the Indian sub-continent.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup><span>&nbsp;</span>It shows a good antioxidant and anticancer activity.</p> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><br><sup id="cite_ref-GRIN_2-1" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup></p> <br><br> <script src="//cdn.public.n1ed.com/G3OMDFLT/widgets.js"></script>
T 91 (5 S)
Orchid tree - mountain ebony seeds (Bauhinia variegata)

This plant is medicinal plant
Ribwort plantain, English...

Ribwort plantain, English...

Price €1.25 SKU: VE 216
,
5/ 5
<h2><strong>Ribwort plantain, English plantain Seeds (Plantago lanceolata)</strong></h2> <h2><span style="color: #f80000;" class=""><strong>Price for Package of 560 (1g) seeds.</strong></span></h2> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;" class=""><i><b>Plantago lanceolata</b></i><span>&nbsp;</span>is a species of<span>&nbsp;</span>flowering plant<span>&nbsp;</span>in the plantain family<span>&nbsp;</span>Plantaginaceae. It is known by the common names<span>&nbsp;</span><b>ribwort plantain</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-BSBI07_1-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup><span>&nbsp;</span><b>narrowleaf plantain</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup><span>&nbsp;</span><b>English plantain</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup><span>&nbsp;</span><b>ribleaf</b>,<span>&nbsp;</span><b>lamb's tongue</b>, and<span>&nbsp;</span><b>buckhorn</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup><span>&nbsp;</span>It is a common<span>&nbsp;</span>weed<span>&nbsp;</span>on cultivated or disturbed land.<br><br><span>The plant is a&nbsp;</span>rosette<span>-forming&nbsp;</span>perennial<span>&nbsp;</span>herb<span>, with leafless, silky, hairy&nbsp;</span>flower<span>&nbsp;stems (10–40&nbsp;cm or 3.9–15.7&nbsp;in). The basal leaves are&nbsp;</span>lanceolate<span>&nbsp;spreading or erect, scarcely toothed with 3-5 strong parallel veins narrowed to a short&nbsp;</span>petiole<span>. The flower stalk is deeply furrowed, ending in an ovoid inflorescence of many small flowers each with a pointed bract.&nbsp;</span><sup id="cite_ref-Blamey_5-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[5]</sup><sup class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">:<span>248</span></sup><span>&nbsp;Each inflorescence can produce up to two hundred seeds. Flowers are 4 millimetres (0.16&nbsp;in) (</span>calyx<span>&nbsp;green,&nbsp;</span>corolla<span>&nbsp;brownish), 4 bent back lobes with brown midribs and long white stamens. It is native to temperate Eurasia, widespread throughout the&nbsp;</span>British Isles<span>, but scarce on the most acidic soils (</span>pH<span>&nbsp;&lt; 4.5). It is present and widespread in the Americas and Australia as an&nbsp;</span>introduced species<span>.</span></p> <i style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">Plantago lanceolata</i><span style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><span>&nbsp;</span>is native to Eurasia, but has been introduced to North America and many other parts of the world with suitable habitats.</span><br><br><span style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">Considered to be an indicator of agriculture in<span>&nbsp;</span></span>pollen<span style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><span>&nbsp;</span>diagrams,<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">P. lanceolata</i><span style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><span>&nbsp;</span>has been found in western<span>&nbsp;</span></span>Norway<span style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><span>&nbsp;</span>from the Early<span>&nbsp;</span></span>Neolithic<span style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><span>&nbsp;</span>onwards, which is considered an indicator of grazing in that area at the time.</span><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference" style="color: #202122; font-size: 11.2px;">[7]</sup><span style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><span>&nbsp;</span>This would make sense, as<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">P. lanceolata</i><span style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><span>&nbsp;</span>thrives in open fields where livestock are frequently disturbing the ground.</span><br><br> <h2 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Uses">Uses</span></h2> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><i>Plantago lanceolata</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is used frequently in<span>&nbsp;</span>herbal teas<span>&nbsp;</span>and other<span>&nbsp;</span>herbal remedies.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[8]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>A tea from the leaves is used as a cough medicine. In the traditional Austrian medicine<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Plantago lanceolata</i><span>&nbsp;</span>leaves have been used internally (as syrup or tea) or externally (fresh leaves) for treatment of disorders of the respiratory tract, skin, insect bites, and infections.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[9]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>The leaves can be eaten when very young.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup></p> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">Songbirds eat the seeds, and the leaves are eaten by rabbits.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup></p> <h2 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Chemistry">Chemistry</span></h2> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><i>Plantago lanceolata</i><span>&nbsp;</span>contains<span>&nbsp;</span>phenylethanoids<span>&nbsp;</span>such as<span>&nbsp;</span>acteoside<span>&nbsp;</span>(verbascoside), cistanoside F, lavandulifolioside, plantamajoside and isoacteoside.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[12]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>It also contains the iridoid glycosides<span>&nbsp;</span>aucubin<span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span>catalpol.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[13]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>These iridoid glycosides make the plant inedible to some herbivores, but others are unperturbed by them--for example, the buckeye butterfly<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Junonia coenia</i>, whose larvae eat the leaves of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P. lanceolata</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and ingest the iridoid glycosides to make themselves unpalatable to predators.</p> <h2 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Habitat">Habitat</span></h2> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><i>Plantago lanceolata</i><span>&nbsp;</span>can live anywhere from very dry meadows to places similar to a rain forest,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[14]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>but it does best in open, disturbed areas. It is therefore common near roadsides where other plants cannot flourish; it grows tall if it can do so, but in frequently-mowed areas it adopts a flat growth habit instead. Historically, the plant has thrived in areas where ungulates graze and turn up the earth with their hooves.</p> <h2 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Reproduction">Reproduction</span></h2> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">The mode of reproduction can vary among populations of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P. lanceolata</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jousimo,_Jussi_2014_15-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[15]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>Reproduction occurs sexually, with the pollen being wind dispersed for the most part, though the plant is occasionally pollinated by bees.<sup id="cite_ref-Jousimo,_Jussi_2014_15-1" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[15]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span><i>P. lanceolata</i><span>&nbsp;</span>cannot<span>&nbsp;</span>reproduce asexually<span>&nbsp;</span>in the way that many other species of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Plantago</i><span>&nbsp;</span>can; instead, it is an obligate<span>&nbsp;</span>outcrosser.</p> <h2 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Enemies">Enemies</span></h2> <h3 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.2em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Insect_predation">Insect predation</span></h3> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><i>Plantago lanceolata</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is host to many different species of the order<span>&nbsp;</span>Lepidoptera. Species such as<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Junonia coenia,<span>&nbsp;</span>Spilosoma congrua,</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Melitaea cinxia</i><span>&nbsp;</span>lay their eggs on<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P. lanceolata</i><span>&nbsp;</span>plants so they can serve as a food source for the larvae when they hatch.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[16]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[17]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>The iridoid glycosides in the plant leaves accumulate in the caterpillars and make them unpalatable to predators.</p> <h3 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.2em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Infection_by_powdery_mildew">Infection by powdery mildew</span></h3> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><i>Podosphaera plantaginis</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is a powdery mildew fungus that infects<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P. lanceolata</i>. All of the<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P. lanceolata</i><span>&nbsp;</span>populations are infected by several strains of this powdery mildew fungus.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[18]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>Once the populations are infected, the symptoms are minimal at first. Then, after a few weeks or months lesions start to appear covering the entire surface of the leaves and the stem, making it very noticeable.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[14]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>Another species that infects<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P. lanceolata</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Golovinomyces sordidus</i>. Both of these mildews are obligate<span>&nbsp;</span>biotrophs, meaning that they can only infect living tissue. They cover the surface of the leaves and extend<span>&nbsp;</span>hyphae<span>&nbsp;</span>into the cell matrix in order to extract nutrients.</p> <h4 style="color: #000000; font-size: 14px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Resistance_to_powdery_mildew">Resistance to powdery mildew</span></h4> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">After the populations are infected, they react in different ways. Some populations of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>P. lanceolata</i><span>&nbsp;</span>are more susceptible to different strains of powdery mildew. Also, some populations have multiple resistance phenotypes where on the other hand, others may only have one resistance phenotype.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-2" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[14]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>Overall, the populations that have the highest variety of resistance phenotypes will have the highest survival rates particularly when rates of infection are high.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-3" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup></p> <h2 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</span></h2> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">In the UK and Ireland the plant is used by children to play various simple games. In Edinburgh, Scotland this game is called ‘The 1 o’clock gun’ after the gun that fires everyday from Edinburgh Castle. Writer Sean Michael Wilson notes that: "When I was a kid in Edinburgh we used it for a cute wee game called ‘The 1 o’clock gun’ - we twisted the stalk around into a kind of noose, quickly pulled it (with the left hand pulling back sharply and the right hand moving forward) and then the head of the stalk would go shooting off. Piitttt!! We used to see how far we could get it to go - great fun." In the West Country of England the same game is called 'cannonballs'. Another game played with the plant in Scotland and Ireland and possibly also in England is called 'Bishops'. This game is a bit like<span>&nbsp;</span>conkers; a child tries to knock off the head of their friend's stalk using their own stalk, via a fast downward thrust.</p> <br> <script src="//cdn.public.n1ed.com/G3OMDFLT/widgets.js"></script>
VE 216 (1g)
Ribwort plantain, English plantain Seeds (Plantago lanceolata)

This plant is medicinal plant
Marsh-mallow Seeds (Althaea...

Marsh-mallow Seeds (Althaea...

Price €1.85 SKU: VE 219
,
5/ 5
<h2 class=""><strong>Marsh-mallow Seeds (Althaea officinalis)</strong></h2> <h2><span style="color: #f80000;" class=""><strong>Price for Package of 350 (1g) seeds.</strong></span></h2> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><i><b>Althaea officinalis</b></i>, or<span> </span><b>marsh-mallow</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-BSBI07_2-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup><span> </span>is a<span> </span>perennial<span> </span>species indigenous to<span> </span>Europe,<span> </span>Western Asia, and<span> </span>North Africa, which is used in<span> </span>herbalism<span> </span>and as an<span> </span>ornamental plant. A confection made from the root since<span> </span>ancient Egyptian<span> </span>times evolved into today's<span> </span>marshmallow<span> </span>treat, <sup id="cite_ref-S&amp;S_3-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup>but most modern marshmallow treats no longer contain any marsh-mallow root.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup></p> <p>The stems, which die down in the autumn, typically grow 90 to 120 cm (3 to 4 ft), but can reach<span> </span>2.0 m (<span class="frac" role="math">6<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num" style="font-size: 11.2px;">1</span>⁄<span class="den" style="font-size: 11.2px;">2</span></span> ft) and put out only a few lateral branches.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[5]</sup><span> </span>The leaves are shortly<span> </span>petioled, roundish, ovate-cordate, 50 to 75 mm (2 to 3 in) long, and about<span> </span>30 mm (<span class="frac" role="math">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num" style="font-size: 11.2px;">1</span>⁄<span class="den" style="font-size: 11.2px;">4</span></span> in) broad, entire or three to five lobed, irregularly toothed at the margin, and thick. They are soft and velvety on both sides, due to a dense covering of stellate hairs. The flowers are shaped like those of the<span> </span>common mallow, but are smaller and of a pale colour, and are either<span> </span>axillary, or in<span> </span>panicles, more often the latter.</p> <p>The<span> </span>stamens<span> </span>are united into a tube, the anthers, kidney-shaped and one-celled. The flowers are in bloom during August and September, and are followed, as in other species of this order, by the flat, round fruit which are popularly called "cheeses".</p> <p>The<span> </span>common mallow<span> </span>is frequently called "marsh mallow" in colloquial terms, but the true marsh mallow is distinguished from all the other mallows growing in<span> </span>Great Britain<span> </span>by the numerous divisions of the outer<span> </span>calyx<span> </span>(six to nine cleft), by the hoary down which thickly clothes the stems and foliage, and by the numerous panicles of blush-coloured flowers, paler than the common mallow. The roots are perennial, thick, long and tapering, very tough and pliant, whitish yellow outside, white and fibrous within.</p> <p>The generic name,<span> </span><i>Althaea</i>, is derived from the Greek<span> </span><span lang="grc" title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">ἄλθειν</span><span> </span>(to cure), from its supposed healing properties.<sup id="cite_ref-S&amp;S_3-1" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[3]</sup><span> </span>The name of the family,<span> </span>Malvaceae, is derived from the Latin<span> </span><i><i>malva</i></i>, a generic name for the mallows and the source of the English common name<span> </span><i>mallow</i>.</p> <p>Most of the mallows have been used as food, and are mentioned by early classic writers with this connection. Mallow was an edible vegetable among the Romans; a dish of marsh mallow was one of their delicacies.<span> </span>Prospero Alpini<span> </span>stated in 1592 that a plant of the mallow kind was eaten by the<span> </span>Egyptians. Many of the poorer inhabitants of<span> </span>Syria<span> </span>subsisted for weeks on herbs, of which marshmallow is one of the most common.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[<i><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></i>]</sup><span> </span>When boiled first and fried with<span> </span>onions<span> </span>and<span> </span>butter, the roots are said to form a palatable dish,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[6]</sup><span> </span>and in times of scarcity consequent upon the failure of the crops, this plant, which grows there in great abundance, is collected heavily as a foodstuff.</p> <h3 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.2em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Phytochemicals">Phytochemicals</span></h3> <p>Chemical constituents include<span> </span>altheahexacosanyl lactone<span> </span>(<i>n</i>-hexacos-2-enyl-1,5-olide),<span> </span>2β-hydroxycalamene<span> </span>(altheacalamene) and<span> </span>altheacoumarin glucoside<span> </span>(5,6-dihydroxycoumarin-5-dodecanoate-6β-<small style="font-size: 11.9px;">D</small>-glucopyranoside), along with the known phytoconstituents<span> </span>lauric acid,<span> </span>β-sitosterol<span> </span>and<span> </span>lanosterol.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[7]</sup></p> <h2 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Uses">Uses</span></h2> <h3 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.2em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Herbal_medicine">Herbal medicine</span></h3> <p>The leaves, flowers and the root of<span> </span><i>A. officinalis</i><span> </span>(marshmallow) have been used in<span> </span>traditional herbal medicine. This use is reflected in the name of the genus, which comes from the<span> </span>Greek<span> </span><span lang="grc" title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">ἄλθειν</span><span> </span>(<i><i>althein</i></i>), meaning "to heal."<sup id="cite_ref-S&amp;S_3-2" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup></p> <p>Marshmallow was traditionally used as relief for irritation of<span> </span>mucous membranes,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[8]</sup><span> </span>including use as a<span> </span>gargle<span> </span>for mouth and throat<span> </span>ulcers<span> </span>and<span> </span>gastric ulcers.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[9]</sup><span> </span>In Russia, the root syrup is sold without a<span> </span>prescription<span> </span>by<span> </span>pharmacies, with intent to treat minor respiratory ailments.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup></p> <h3 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.2em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Culinary">Culinary</span></h3> <p>The young leaves can be cooked. The flower buds can be pickled.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[11]</sup><span> </span>The roots can be peeled, sliced, boiled and sweetened to make candy. Water used to boil any part of the plant can be used as an<span> </span>egg white<span> </span>substitute.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-1" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup></p> <p>The root extract (halawa extract) is sometimes used as flavoring in the making of a Middle Eastern snack called<span> </span><i>halva</i>. The later French version of the recipe, called<span> </span><i><i>pâte de guimauve</i></i><span> </span>(or<span> </span><i><i>guimauve</i></i><span> </span>for short), included an egg white<span> </span>meringue<span> </span>and was often flavored with<span> </span>rose water.<span> </span><i><i>Pâte de guimauve</i></i><span> </span>more closely resembles contemporary commercially available<span> </span>marshmallows, which no longer contain<span> </span><i>Althaea officinalis</i>.</p> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><br /><br /><br /><br /></p> <br /> <script src="//cdn.public.n1ed.com/G3OMDFLT/widgets.js"></script>
VE 219 (1g)
Marsh-mallow Seeds (Althaea officinalis)
SEA KALE Seeds, Seakale

Sea kale, Sea cole Seeds...

Price €1.95 SKU: VE 188
,
5/ 5
<div id="idTab1" class="rte"> <h2><strong>Sea kale, Sea cole, Seakale Seeds (Crambe maritima)</strong></h2> <h2><span style="color: #ff0000;"><strong>Price for Package of 20 seeds.</strong></span></h2> <p class="">Crambe maritima (common name sea kale, seakale or crambe) is a species of halophytic flowering plant in the genus Crambe of the family Brassicaceae (Cruciferae), that grows wild along the coasts of Europe, from the North Atlantic to the Black Sea.</p> <p><strong>Description</strong></p> <p>Growing to 75 cm (30 in) tall by 60 cm (24 in) wide, it is a mound-forming, spreading perennial. It has large fleshy glaucous collard-like leaves and abundant white flowers. The seeds come one each in globular pods.</p> <p><strong>Distribution</strong></p> <p>Very rare in Northern Ireland, recorded from Counties Down and Antrim and from a number of seaside counties of Ireland.</p> <p><strong>Culinary use</strong></p> <p>The plant is cultivated as a vegetable, related to the cabbage.</p> <p>Along the coast of England, where it is commonly found above high tide mark on shingle beaches, local people heaped loose shingle around the naturally occurring root crowns in springtime, thus blanching the emerging shoots. By the early eighteenth century, it had become established as a garden vegetable, but its height of popularity was the early nineteenth century when sea kale appeared in Thomas Jefferson's Garden Book of 1809. It was also served at the Royal Pavilion in Brighton, when Prince Regent George IV of the United Kingdom (1762–1830) used it as a seaside retreat.</p> <p>The shoots are served like asparagus: steamed, with either a béchamel sauce or melted butter, salt and pepper. It is apt to get bruised or damaged in transport and should be eaten very soon after cutting, this may explain its subsequent decline in popularity. However, given a rich, deep and sandy soil, it is easy to propagate and grow on from root cuttings available from specialist nurseries. Blanching may be achieved by covering it with opaque material or using a deep, loose and dry mulch.</p> <p><strong>As an ornamental plant</strong></p> <p>As an ornamental garden plant, C. maritima has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.</p> </div><script src="//cdn.public.n1ed.com/G3OMDFLT/widgets.js"></script>
VE 188 (20 S)
SEA KALE Seeds, Seakale
Red poppy Seeds (Papaver...

Red poppy Seeds (Papaver...

Price €2.05 SKU: MHS 43 PR
,
5/ 5
<div id="idTab1" class="rte"> <h2 class=""><strong>Red poppy Seeds (Papaver rhoeas)</strong></h2> <h2><span style="color: #f80000;"><strong>Price for a Package of 100 seeds.</strong></span></h2> <p>Papaver rhoeas, with common names including common poppy, corn poppy, corn rose, field poppy, Flanders poppy, and red poppy is an annual herbaceous species of flowering plant in the poppy family Papaveraceae. It is notable as an agricultural weed (hence the common names including "corn" and "field"). Especially in the UK, it is used as a symbol of remembrance of the fallen soldiers and another military, during World War I and thereafter.<br /><br />Papaver rhoeas is a variable, erect annual, forming a long-lived soil seed bank that can germinate when the soil is disturbed. In the northern hemisphere it generally flowers in late spring (between May and October in the UK) but if the weather is warm enough other flowers frequently appear at the beginning of autumn. It grows up to about 70 cm (28 in) in height. The stems hold single flowers, which are large and showy, 5–10 cm (2–4 in) across, with four petals that are vivid red, most commonly with a black spot at their base. The petals slightly overlap each other. The plant can produce up to 400 flowers in a warm season, that last only one day. The flower stem is usually covered with coarse hairs that are held at right angles to the surface, helping to distinguish it from Papaver dubium in which the hairs are more usually appressed (i.e. held close to the stem). The capsules are hairless, obovoid (egg-shaped), less than twice as tall as they are wide, with a stigma at least as wide as the capsule. Like many other species of Papaver, the plant exudes white to yellowish latex when the tissues are broken.<br /><br />Not all corn poppies that are available commercially have red flowers. Selective breeding has resulted in cultivars in yellow, orange, pink, and white. The Shirley poppy is a well known cultivar. A very pale speckled variety, derived from the Shirley, is also available.<br /><br />A nearly black-flowering hybrid, known as 'Evelina', was bred in Italy in the late 1990s, with P. dubium, but does not appear to be available commercially.<br /><br /><strong>Phytochemistry</strong><br /><br />Papaver rhoeas contains the alkaloid called rhoeadine, which is a mild sedative. Rhoeadic acid, papaveric acid and rhoeagenine are also found in this plant.<br /><br /><strong>Uses</strong><br /><br />The commonly grown garden decorative Shirley poppy is a cultivar of this plant.<br /><br />The black seeds are edible and can be eaten either on their own or as an ingredient in bread. Oil made from the seed is highly regarded in France.<br /><br />The petals contain a red dye which is used in some medicines and wines; also the dried petals are occasionally used to give colour to potpourris.<br /><br />In traditional folk medicine, it was used for gout, aches, and pains. The petals were used to create a syrup that was fed to children to help them sleep.</p> </div> <script src="//cdn.public.n1ed.com/G3OMDFLT/widgets.js"></script>
MHS 43 PR (100 S)
Red poppy Seeds (Papaver rhoeas)
Spanish flag seeds (Lantana...

Spanish flag seeds (Lantana...

Price €1.95 SKU: MHS 59
,
5/ 5
<h2 class=""><strong>Spanish flag seeds (Lantana camara)</strong><br><span style="color: #f80000;"><strong>Price for Package of 10 seeds</strong></span></h2> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><i><b>Lantana camara</b></i><span>&nbsp;</span>(<b>common lantana</b>) is a species of flowering plant within the<span>&nbsp;</span>verbena<span>&nbsp;</span>family (Verbenaceae), native to the American tropics.<sup id="cite_ref-florida_5-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup><sup id="cite_ref-moyhill_6-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup><span>&nbsp;</span>Other common names of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>L. camara</i><span>&nbsp;</span>include<span>&nbsp;</span><b>Spanish flag</b>,<span>&nbsp;</span><b>big-sage</b><span>&nbsp;</span>(Malaysia),<span>&nbsp;</span><b>wild-sage</b>,<span>&nbsp;</span><b>red-sage</b>,<span>&nbsp;</span><b>white-sage</b><span>&nbsp;</span>(Caribbean),<span>&nbsp;</span><b>korsu wiri</b><span>&nbsp;</span>or<span>&nbsp;</span><b>korsoe wiwiri</b><span>&nbsp;</span>(Suriname),<span>&nbsp;</span><b>tickberry</b><span>&nbsp;</span>(South Africa),<sup id="cite_ref-Cronk_7-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[7]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span><b>West Indian lantana</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-plants_8-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[8]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span><b>umbelanterna</b>,<span>&nbsp;</span><b>putus</b><span>&nbsp;</span>in Bengal and<span>&nbsp;</span><b>Gu Phool</b><span>&nbsp;</span>in Assam, India.</p> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">As an ornamental,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>L. camara</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is often cultivated indoors, or in a conservatory, but can also thrive in a garden with sufficient shelter in cooler climates.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[9]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>It has spread from its native Central and South America to around 50 countries,<sup id="cite_ref-Day_10-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[10]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>where it has become an<span>&nbsp;</span>invasive species.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghisalberti2000_11-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[11]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[12]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>It first spread out of the Americas when it was brought to<span>&nbsp;</span>Europe<span>&nbsp;</span>by Dutch explorers and cultivated widely, soon spreading further into<span>&nbsp;</span>Asia<span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span>Oceania<span>&nbsp;</span>where it has established itself as a notorious weed, and in Goa it was introduced by the Portuguese.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghisalberti2000_11-1" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[11]</sup></p> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><i>L. camara</i><span>&nbsp;</span>can outcompete native species, leading to a reduction in<span>&nbsp;</span>biodiversity.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[13]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>It can also cause problems if it invades agricultural areas as a result of its toxicity to<span>&nbsp;</span>livestock, as well as its ability to form dense<span>&nbsp;</span>thickets<span>&nbsp;</span>which, if left unchecked, can greatly reduce the<span>&nbsp;</span>productivity<span>&nbsp;</span>of farmland.</p> <h2 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Description">Description</span></h2> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><i>Lantana camara</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is a<span>&nbsp;</span>perennial, erect sprawling or<span>&nbsp;</span>scandent, shrub which typically grows to around 2 m tall and form dense thickets in a variety of environments. In the right conditions though, it can scramble up into trees and can grow to 6 metres tall.<span>&nbsp;</span>Due to extensive selective breeding throughout the 17th and 18th Centuries for use as an ornamental plant, there are now many different<span>&nbsp;</span><i>L. camara</i><span>&nbsp;</span>cultivars.<sup id="cite_ref-GISD_4-1" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"><br></sup></p> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><i>L. camara</i><span>&nbsp;</span>has small tubular shaped<span>&nbsp;</span>flowers, which each have four<span>&nbsp;</span>petals<span>&nbsp;</span>and are arranged in clusters in terminal areas<span>&nbsp;</span>stems. Flowers come in many different colours, including red, yellow, white, pink and orange, which differ depending on location in inflorescences, age, and maturity.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[17]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>The flower has a<span>&nbsp;</span>tutti frutti<span>&nbsp;</span>smell with a peppery undertone. After<span>&nbsp;</span>pollination<span>&nbsp;</span>occurs, the colour of the flowers changes (typically from yellow to orangish, pinkish, or reddish); this is believed to be a signal to<span>&nbsp;</span>pollinators<span>&nbsp;</span>that the pre-change colour contains a reward as well as being sexually viable, thus increasing pollination efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[18]</sup></p> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">The leaves are broadly ovate, opposite, and simple and have a strong odour when crushed.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[19]</sup></p> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">The fruit of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>L. camara</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is a berry-like drupe which turns from green to dark purple when mature. Green unripe fruits are inedible to humans and animals alike. Because of dense patches of hard spikes on their rind, ingestion of them can result in serious damage to the digestive tract. Both<span>&nbsp;</span>vegetative<span>&nbsp;</span>(asexual) and<span>&nbsp;</span>seed<span>&nbsp;</span>reproduction occur. Up to 12,000<span>&nbsp;</span>fruits<span>&nbsp;</span>can be produced by each plant<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[20]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>which are then eaten by birds and other animals which can spread the seeds over large distances, facilitating the spread of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>L. camara</i>.</p> <h2 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Distribution">Distribution</span></h2> <span style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">The native range of<span>&nbsp;</span></span><i style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">Lantana camara</i><span style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><span>&nbsp;</span>is Central and South America; however, it has become naturalised in around 60 tropical and sub-tropical countries worldwide.</span><sup id="cite_ref-feppc2_21-0" class="reference" style="color: #202122; font-size: 11.2px;">[21]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference" style="color: #202122; font-size: 11.2px;">[22]</sup><span style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><span>&nbsp;</span>It is found frequently in east and southern Africa, where it occurs at altitudes below 2000 m, and often invades previously disturbed areas such as<span>&nbsp;</span></span>logged<span style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><span>&nbsp;</span>forests and areas cleared for agriculture.</span><br> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><i>L. camara</i><span>&nbsp;</span>has also colonized areas of Africa, Southern Europe, such as Spain and Portugal, and also the Middle East, India, tropical Asia, Australia, New Zealand, and the US, as well as many Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Ocean islands.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[24]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thaman_25-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[25]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>It has become a significant weed in Sri Lanka after escaping from the<span>&nbsp;</span>Royal Botanic gardens<span>&nbsp;</span>in 1926.<sup id="cite_ref-fao_26-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[26]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[27]</sup></p> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">It was introduced into the Philippines from Hawaii as part of an exchange program between the United States and the Philippines; however, it managed to escape and has become naturalized in the islands.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[28]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>It has also been introduced to the whole southern US, from<span>&nbsp;</span>California<span>&nbsp;</span>to<span>&nbsp;</span>North Carolina,<sup id="cite_ref-plants.usda.gov_29-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[29]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>and is considered hardy in USDA zones 10 and 11.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[30]</sup></p> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">The range of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>L. camara</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is still increasing, shown by the fact that it has invaded many islands on which it was not present in 1974, including the<span>&nbsp;</span>Galapagos Islands,<span>&nbsp;</span>Saipan<span>&nbsp;</span>and the<span>&nbsp;</span>Solomon Islands.<sup id="cite_ref-Thaman_25-1" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[25]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>There is also evidence that<span>&nbsp;</span><i>L. camara</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is still increasing its range in areas where it has been established for many years, such as East Africa, Australia and New Zealand.<sup id="cite_ref-Day_10-1" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[10]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>The ability of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>L. camara</i><span>&nbsp;</span>to rapidly colonise areas of land which have been disturbed has allowed it to proliferate in countries where activities such as logging, clearance for agriculture and<span>&nbsp;</span>forest fires<span>&nbsp;</span>are common. In contrast, in countries with large areas of intact primary forest, the distribution of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>L. camara</i><span>&nbsp;</span>has been limited.</p> <h3 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.2em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Habitat">Habitat</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright" style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> <div class="thumbinner" style="font-size: 13.16px;"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Lantana_camara-Silent_Valley-2016-08-14-001.jpg/220px-Lantana_camara-Silent_Valley-2016-08-14-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Lantana_camara-Silent_Valley-2016-08-14-001.jpg/330px-Lantana_camara-Silent_Valley-2016-08-14-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Lantana_camara-Silent_Valley-2016-08-14-001.jpg/440px-Lantana_camara-Silent_Valley-2016-08-14-001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000"> <div class="thumbcaption" style="font-size: 12.3704px;"> <div class="magnify"></div> <i>L. camara</i><span>&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;</span>Silent Valley National Park,<span>&nbsp;</span>Kerala,<span>&nbsp;</span>India</div> </div> </div> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><i>Lantana camara</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is found in a variety of environments, including:</p> <ul style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> <li>Agricultural areas</li> <li>Forest margins and gaps</li> <li>Riparian<span>&nbsp;</span>zones</li> <li>Grasslands</li> <li>Secondary forest, and</li> <li>Beach fronts.</li> </ul> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><i>L. camara</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is rarely found in natural or semi-natural areas of forest, as it is unable to compete with taller trees due to its lack of tolerance for shade. Instead, it grows at the forest edge.<span>&nbsp;</span><i>L. camara</i><span>&nbsp;</span>can survive in a wide range of climatic conditions, including<span>&nbsp;</span>drought, different soil types, heat, humidity, and salt. It is also relatively fired tolerant and can quickly establish itself in recently burnt areas of forest.</p> <h3 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.2em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Invasive_species">Invasive species</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright" style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> <div class="thumbinner" style="font-size: 13.16px;"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lantana_camara_tree.jpg/220px-Lantana_camara_tree.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lantana_camara_tree.jpg/330px-Lantana_camara_tree.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Lantana_camara_tree.jpg/440px-Lantana_camara_tree.jpg 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="1279"> <div class="thumbcaption" style="font-size: 12.3704px;"> <div class="magnify"></div> 6 metre tall<span>&nbsp;</span><i>L. camara</i><span>&nbsp;</span>shrubs infesting a native woodland area in<span>&nbsp;</span>Sydney.</div> </div> </div> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><i>L. camara</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is considered to be a weed in large areas of the<span>&nbsp;</span>Paleotropics<span>&nbsp;</span>where it has established itself. In agricultural areas or secondary forests it can become the dominant understorey shrub, crowding out other native species and reducing biodiversity.<sup id="cite_ref-Cronk_7-2" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[7]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>The formation of dense thickets of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>L. camara</i><span>&nbsp;</span>can significantly slow down the regeneration of forests by preventing the growth of new trees.<sup id="cite_ref-GISD_4-2" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[4]</sup></p> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">In the US,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>L. camara</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is considered invasive in tropical areas such as<span>&nbsp;</span>Florida<span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span>Hawaii.<sup id="cite_ref-plants.usda.gov_29-1" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[29]</sup></p> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">Although<span>&nbsp;</span><i>L. camara</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is itself quite resistant to fire, it can change fire patterns in a forest<span>&nbsp;</span>ecosystem<span>&nbsp;</span>by altering the fuel load, causing a buildup of forest fuel, which itself increases the risk of fires spreading to the<span>&nbsp;</span>canopy.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[33]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>This can be particularly destructive in dry, arid areas where fire can spread quickly and lead to the loss of large areas of natural ecosystem.</p> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><i>L. camara</i><span>&nbsp;</span>reduces the productivity in pasture through the formation of dense thickets, which reduce growth of crops as well as make harvesting more difficult. There are also secondary impacts, including the finding that in Africa,<span>&nbsp;</span>mosquitos<span>&nbsp;</span>which transmit<span>&nbsp;</span>malaria<span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span>tsetse<span>&nbsp;</span>flies shelter within the bushes of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>L. camara</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[34]</sup></p> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">Even though<span>&nbsp;</span><i>L. camara</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is considered invasive to the<span>&nbsp;</span>Western Ghats, the plant does not seem to impact biodiversity in the region; rather it tends to simply occupy the same moist regions as other species.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[35]</sup></p> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">There are many reasons why<span>&nbsp;</span><i>L. camara</i><span>&nbsp;</span>has been so successful as an invasive species; however, the primary factors which have allowed it to establish itself are:</p> <ol style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> <li>Wide dispersal range made possible by birds and other animals that eat its drupes</li> <li>Less prone to being eaten by animals due to toxicity</li> <li>Tolerance of a wide range of environmental conditions<sup id="cite_ref-Cronk_7-3" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[7]</sup></li> <li>Increase in logging and habitat modification, which has been beneficial to<span>&nbsp;</span><i>L. camara</i><span>&nbsp;</span>as it prefers disturbed habitats</li> <li>Production of toxic chemicals which inhibit competing plant species</li> <li>Extremely high seed production (12,000 seeds from each plant per year)<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[36]</sup></li> </ol> <h3 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.2em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Toxicity">Toxicity</span></h3> <div class="thumb tleft" style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> <div class="thumbinner" style="font-size: 13.16px;"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Lantana_camara_%2855%29.jpg/220px-Lantana_camara_%2855%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Lantana_camara_%2855%29.jpg/330px-Lantana_camara_%2855%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Lantana_camara_%2855%29.jpg/440px-Lantana_camara_%2855%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="399"> <div class="thumbcaption" style="font-size: 12.3704px;"> <div class="magnify"></div> <i>L. camara</i></div> </div> </div> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><i>Lantana camara</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is known to be toxic to livestock such as cattle, sheep, horses, dogs and goats.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[37]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[38]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>The active substances causing toxicity in grazing animals are<span>&nbsp;</span>pentacyclic<span>&nbsp;</span>triterpenoids, which result in liver damage and photosensitivity.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[39]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span><i>L. camara</i><span>&nbsp;</span>also excretes<span>&nbsp;</span>allelopathic<span>&nbsp;</span>chemicals, which reduce the growth of surrounding plants by inhibiting<span>&nbsp;</span>germination<span>&nbsp;</span>and root elongation.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[40]</sup></p> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">The toxicity of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>L. camara</i><span>&nbsp;</span>to humans is undetermined, with several studies suggesting that ingesting berries can be toxic to humans, such as a study by O P Sharma which states "Green unripe fruits of the plant are toxic to humans".<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[41]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>NC State's Extension Gardener website states that ingestion of the flowers, fruits, and leaves can cause vomiting, diarrhea, difficulty breathing, and liver failure, while the leaves can cause contact dermatitis.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[42]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>However, other studies have found evidence which suggests that<span>&nbsp;</span><i>L. camara</i><span>&nbsp;</span>fruit poses no risk to humans when eaten, and is in fact edible when ripe.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[43]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[44]</sup></p> <h2 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Management_and_control">Management and control</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright" style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> <div class="thumbinner" style="font-size: 13.16px;"><img alt="Butterfly feeding on Lantana camara" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Graphium_sarpedon_WQXGA.jpg/220px-Graphium_sarpedon_WQXGA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Graphium_sarpedon_WQXGA.jpg/330px-Graphium_sarpedon_WQXGA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Graphium_sarpedon_WQXGA.jpg/440px-Graphium_sarpedon_WQXGA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1600"> <div class="thumbcaption" style="font-size: 12.3704px;"> <div class="magnify"></div> Butterfly feeding on<span>&nbsp;</span><i>L. camara</i></div> </div> </div> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">Effective management of invasive<span>&nbsp;</span><i>L. camara</i><span>&nbsp;</span>in the long term will require a reduction in activities that create degraded habitats. Maintaining functioning (healthy) ecosystems is key to preventing invasive species from establishing themselves and out-competing native<span>&nbsp;</span>fauna<span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span>flora.</p> <h3 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.2em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Biological">Biological</span></h3> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">Insects and other<span>&nbsp;</span>biocontrol<span>&nbsp;</span>agents have been implemented with varying degrees of success in an attempt to control<span>&nbsp;</span><i>L. camara</i>. It was the first weed ever subjected to biological control; however, none of the programs have been successful despite 36 control agents being used across 33 regions.<sup id="cite_ref-Management_Information_45-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[45]</sup></p> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">The lack of success using biological control in this case is most likely due to the many<span>&nbsp;</span>hybrid<span>&nbsp;</span>forms of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>L. camara</i>, as well as its large<span>&nbsp;</span>genetic diversity<span>&nbsp;</span>which makes it difficult for the control agents to target all plants effectively. A recent study in India has shown some results around biological control of this plant using tingid bugs.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[46]</sup></p> <h3 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.2em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Mechanical">Mechanical</span></h3> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">Mechanical control of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>L. camara</i><span>&nbsp;</span>involves physically removing the plants. Physical removal can be effective but is labor-intensive and expensive,<span>&nbsp;</span>therefore removal is usually only appropriate in small areas or at the early stages of an infestation. Another method of mechanical control is to use fire treatment, followed by revegetation with native species.</p> <h3 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.2em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Chemical">Chemical</span></h3> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">Using herbicides to manage<span>&nbsp;</span><i>L. camara</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is very effective but also expensive, prohibiting its use in many poorer countries where<span>&nbsp;</span><i>L. camara</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is well established. The most effective way of chemically treating plant species is to first mow the area, then spray the area with a<span>&nbsp;</span>weed-killer, although this may have serious environmental consequences.</p> <h2 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Uses">Uses</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright" style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> <div class="thumbinner" style="font-size: 13.16px;"><img alt="Butterfly resting on L. camara" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Butterfly_on_Lantana_-_Flickr_-_Andrea_Westmoreland.jpg/220px-Butterfly_on_Lantana_-_Flickr_-_Andrea_Westmoreland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Butterfly_on_Lantana_-_Flickr_-_Andrea_Westmoreland.jpg/330px-Butterfly_on_Lantana_-_Flickr_-_Andrea_Westmoreland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Butterfly_on_Lantana_-_Flickr_-_Andrea_Westmoreland.jpg/440px-Butterfly_on_Lantana_-_Flickr_-_Andrea_Westmoreland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5098" data-file-height="3618"> <div class="thumbcaption" style="font-size: 12.3704px;"> <div class="magnify"></div> Butterfly resting on<span>&nbsp;</span><i>L. camara</i></div> </div> </div> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><i>Lantana camara</i><span>&nbsp;</span>stalks have been used in the construction of furniture, such as chairs and tables;<span>&nbsp;</span>however, the main uses have historically been medicinal and ornamental.</p> <h3 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.2em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Medicinal_value">Medicinal value</span></h3> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">Studies conducted in India have found that<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Lantana</i><span>&nbsp;</span>leaves can display<span>&nbsp;</span>antimicrobial,<span>&nbsp;</span>fungicidal,<span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span>insecticidal<span>&nbsp;</span>properties.<span>&nbsp;</span><i>L. camara</i><span>&nbsp;</span>has also been used in traditional herbal medicines for treating a variety of ailments, including<span>&nbsp;</span>cancer, skin itches,<span>&nbsp;</span>leprosy,<span>&nbsp;</span>chickenpox,<span>&nbsp;</span>measles,<span>&nbsp;</span>asthma,<span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span>ulcers.<sup id="cite_ref-GISD_4-4" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[4]</sup></p> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><i>L. camara</i><span>&nbsp;</span>extract has been shown to reduce gastric<span>&nbsp;</span>ulcer<span>&nbsp;</span>development in rats.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[49]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>Extracts from the plant have also been used in Brazil to treat respiratory infections.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[50]</sup></p> <h3 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.2em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Ornamental">Ornamental</span></h3> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><i>Lantana camara</i><span>&nbsp;</span>has been grown specifically for use as an ornamental plant since Dutch explorers first brought it to Europe from the New World.<sup id="cite_ref-GISD_4-5" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[4]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>Its ability to last for a relatively long time without water, and the fact that it does not have many pests or diseases which affect it, have contributed to it becoming a common ornamental plant.<span>&nbsp;</span><i>L. camara</i><span>&nbsp;</span>also attracts butterflies and birds and is frequently used in butterfly gardens.<sup id="cite_ref-florida_5-1" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[5]</sup></p> <h3 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.2em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="As_a_host-plant">As a host-plant</span></h3> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">Many butterfly species feed on the nectar of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>L. camara.</i><span>&nbsp;</span><i>Papilio homerus</i>, the largest butterfly in the western hemisphere, is known to feed on the nectar of the flowers as an opportunistic flower feeder.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[51]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>A jumping spider<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Evarcha culicivora</i><span>&nbsp;</span>has an association with<span>&nbsp;</span><i>L. camara</i>. They consume the nectar for food and preferentially use these plants as a location for courtship.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_52-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[52]</sup></p> <h2 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Etymology">Etymology</span></h2> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">The name<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Lantana</i><span>&nbsp;</span>derives from the<span>&nbsp;</span>Latin<span>&nbsp;</span>name of the wayfaring tree<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Viburnum lantana</i>, the flowers of which closely resemble<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Lantana</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghisalberti2000_11-2" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[11]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-gledhill_53-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[53]</sup></p> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><i>Camara</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is derived from<span>&nbsp;</span>Greek, meaning ‘arched’, ‘chambered’, or ‘vaulted’.</p> <br> <script src="//cdn.public.n1ed.com/G3OMDFLT/widgets.js"></script>
MHS 59 (10 S)
Spanish flag seeds (Lantana camara)
Physic nut, Barbados nut...

Physic nut, Barbados nut...

Price €3.75 SKU: T 92
,
5/ 5
<h2><strong>Physic nut, Barbados nut Seeds (Jatropha curcas)</strong></h2> <h2><span style="color: #ff0a0a;"><strong>Price for a Package of 3 seeds.</strong></span></h2> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><i><b>Jatropha curcas</b></i><span>&nbsp;</span>is a species of<span>&nbsp;</span>flowering plant<span>&nbsp;</span>in the<span>&nbsp;</span>spurge<span>&nbsp;</span>family,<span>&nbsp;</span>Euphorbiaceae, that is native to the<span>&nbsp;</span>American tropics, most likely<span>&nbsp;</span>Mexico<span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span>Central America.<sup id="cite_ref-Janick_2-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[2]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>It is originally native to the tropical areas of the Americas from Mexico to Argentina, and has been spread throughout the world in tropical and<span>&nbsp;</span>subtropical<span>&nbsp;</span>regions<span>&nbsp;</span>around the world, becoming<span>&nbsp;</span>naturalized or invasive<span>&nbsp;</span>in many areas.<sup id="cite_ref-cabi_3-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[3]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>The<span>&nbsp;</span>specific epithet,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>"curcas"</i>, was first used by<span>&nbsp;</span>Portuguese<span>&nbsp;</span>doctor<span>&nbsp;</span>Garcia de Orta<span>&nbsp;</span>more than 400 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Agroforest_4-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[4]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>Common names in English include<span>&nbsp;</span><b>physic nut</b>,<span>&nbsp;</span><b>Barbados nut</b>,<span>&nbsp;</span><b>poison nut</b>,<span>&nbsp;</span><b>bubble bush</b><span>&nbsp;</span>or<span>&nbsp;</span><b>purging nut</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-cabi_3-1" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[3]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>In parts of Africa and areas in Asia such as India it is often known as "castor oil plant" or "hedge castor oil plant",<sup id="cite_ref-cabi_3-2" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[3]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>but it is not the same as the usual<span>&nbsp;</span>castor oil plant,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Ricinus communis</i><span>&nbsp;</span>(they are in the same family but different subfamilies).</p> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><i>J. curcas</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is a semi-evergreen<span>&nbsp;</span>shrub<span>&nbsp;</span>or small<span>&nbsp;</span>tree, reaching a height of 6&nbsp;m (20&nbsp;ft) or more.<sup id="cite_ref-Janick_2-1" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[2]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>It is resistant to a high degree of<span>&nbsp;</span>aridity, allowing it to grow in<span>&nbsp;</span>deserts.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[5]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[6]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>It contains<span>&nbsp;</span>phorbol esters, which are considered toxic.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[7]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>However, edible (non-toxic) provenances native to Mexico also exist, known by the local population as piñón manso, xuta, chuta, aishte, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-Martínez-Herrera,_J._2010_8-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[8]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-valdez2013_9-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[9]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span><i>J. curcas</i><span>&nbsp;</span>also contains compounds such as<span>&nbsp;</span>trypsin inhibitors,<span>&nbsp;</span>phytate,<span>&nbsp;</span>saponins<span>&nbsp;</span>and a type of<span>&nbsp;</span>lectin<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[10]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[11]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>known as curcin.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[12]</sup></p> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">The<span>&nbsp;</span>seeds<span>&nbsp;</span>contain 27–40%<span>&nbsp;</span>oil<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[13]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>(average: 34.4%<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[14]</sup>) that can be processed to produce a high-quality<span>&nbsp;</span>biodiesel<span>&nbsp;</span>fuel, usable in a standard<span>&nbsp;</span>diesel engine. Edible (non-toxic) varieties can be used for<span>&nbsp;</span>animal feed<span>&nbsp;</span>and food.</p> <h2 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Botanical_features">Botanical features</span></h2> <ul> <li>Leaves: The leaves have significant variability in their morphology. In general, the leaves are green to pale green, alternate to subopposite, and three- to five-lobed with a<span>&nbsp;</span>spiral phyllotaxis.<sup id="cite_ref-Nahar_16-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[16]</sup></li> <li>Flowers: male and female flowers are produced on the same<span>&nbsp;</span>inflorescence, averaging 20 male flowers to each female flower,<sup id="cite_ref-Pesquisa_17-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[17]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>or 10 male flowers to each female flower.<sup id="cite_ref-Jatropha_journal_18-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[18]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>The inflorescence can be formed in the<span>&nbsp;</span>leaf axil. Plants occasionally present hermaphroditic flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-Nahar_16-1" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[16]</sup></li> <li>Fruits&nbsp;: fruits are produced in winter, or there may be several crops during the year if soil moisture is good and temperatures are sufficiently high. Most fruit production is concentrated from midsummer to late fall with variations in production peaks where some plants have two or three harvests and some produce continuously through the season.<sup id="cite_ref-Nahar_16-2" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[16]</sup></li> <li>Seeds: the seeds are mature when the capsule changes from green to yellow. The seeds contain around 20% saturated fatty acids and 80% unsaturated fatty acids, and they yield 25–40% oil by weight. In addition, the seeds contain other chemical compounds, such as<span>&nbsp;</span>saccharose,<span>&nbsp;</span>raffinose,<span>&nbsp;</span>stachyose,<span>&nbsp;</span>glucose,<span>&nbsp;</span>fructose,<span>&nbsp;</span>galactose, and<span>&nbsp;</span>protein. The oil is largely made up of oleic and<span>&nbsp;</span>linoleic<span>&nbsp;</span>acids. Furthermore, the plant also contains curcasin, arachidic,<span>&nbsp;</span>myristic,<span>&nbsp;</span>palmitic, and<span>&nbsp;</span>stearic<span>&nbsp;</span>acids and<span>&nbsp;</span>curcin.<sup id="cite_ref-Nahar_16-3" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[16]</sup></li> <li>Genome: the whole genome was sequenced by<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Kazusa DNA Research Institute</i>, Chiba Japan in October 2010.</li> </ul> <h2 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Cultivation">Cultivation</span></h2> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">Cultivation is uncomplicated.<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Jatropha curcas</i><span>&nbsp;</span>grows in<span>&nbsp;</span>tropical<span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span>subtropical<span>&nbsp;</span>regions.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[20]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>The plant can grow in<span>&nbsp;</span>wastelands<span>&nbsp;</span>and grows on almost any terrain, even on<span>&nbsp;</span>gravelly,<span>&nbsp;</span>sandy<span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span>saline<span>&nbsp;</span>soils. It can thrive in poor and stony soils, although new research suggests that the plant's ability to adapt to these poor soils is not as extensive as had been previously stated. Complete<span>&nbsp;</span>germination<span>&nbsp;</span>is achieved within 9 days. Adding<span>&nbsp;</span>manure<span>&nbsp;</span>during the germination has negative effects during that phase, but is favorable if applied after germination is achieved. It can be propagated by cuttings, which yields faster results than multiplication by seeds.</p> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">The flowers only develop terminally (at the end of a stem), so a good ramification (plants presenting many branches) produces the greatest amount of fruits. The plants are<span>&nbsp;</span>self-compatible.<sup id="cite_ref-Pesquisa_17-1" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[17]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>Another productivity factor is the ratio between female and male flowers within an inflorescence, more female flowers mean more fruits.<sup id="cite_ref-Jatropha_journal_18-1" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[18]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span><i>Jatropha curcas</i><span>&nbsp;</span>thrives on a mere 250&nbsp;mm (10&nbsp;in) of rain a year, and only during its first two years does it need to be watered in the closing days of the dry season.<span>&nbsp;</span>Ploughing<span>&nbsp;</span>and planting are not needed regularly, as this shrub has a life expectancy of approximately forty years. The use of<span>&nbsp;</span>pesticides<span>&nbsp;</span>is not necessary, due to the pesticidal and<span>&nbsp;</span>fungicidal<span>&nbsp;</span>properties of the plant. It is used in rural Bengal for<span>&nbsp;</span>dhobi itch<span>&nbsp;</span>(a common fungal infection of the skin).</p> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">While<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Jatropha curcas</i><span>&nbsp;</span>starts yielding from 9–12 months time, the best yields are obtained only after 2–3 years time. The seed production is around 3.5 tons per hectare (seed production ranges from about 0.4 t/ha in the first year to over 5 t/ha after 3 years). If planted in<span>&nbsp;</span>hedges, the reported productivity of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Jatropha</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is from 0.8 to 1.0&nbsp;kg of seed per meter of live fence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[<i><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></i>]</sup></p> <h2 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Propagation">Propagation</span></h2> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><i>Jatropha curcas</i><span>&nbsp;</span>can easily be propagated by both<span>&nbsp;</span>seed<span>&nbsp;</span>or cuttings.<sup id="cite_ref-Duke_21-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup><span>&nbsp;</span>Some people recommend propagation by seed for establishment of long-lived plantations.<sup id="cite_ref-Duong_22-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[22]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>When jatropha plants develop from cuttings, they produce many branches but yield fewer seeds and do not have enough time to develop their taproot, which makes them sensitive to wind erosion.<sup id="cite_ref-feed_23-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[23]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>The seeds exhibit orthodox storage behaviour and under normal treatment and storage will maintain viability at high percentages for eight months to a year.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[24]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[25]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[26]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Duong_22-1" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[22]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[27]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>Propagation through seed (sexual propagation) leads to a lot of genetic variability in terms of growth, biomass, seed yield and oil content. Clonal techniques can help in overcoming these problems. Vegetative propagation has been achieved by<span>&nbsp;</span>stem cuttings,<span>&nbsp;</span>grafting,<span>&nbsp;</span>budding<span>&nbsp;</span>as well as by<span>&nbsp;</span>air layering<span>&nbsp;</span>techniques. Cuttings should be taken preferably from juvenile plants and treated with 200 micro gram per litre of<span>&nbsp;</span>IBA<span>&nbsp;</span>(rooting hormone) to ensure the highest level of rooting in stem cuttings.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[28]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>Cuttings strike root easily stuck in the ground without use of hormones.</p> <h2 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Processing">Processing</span></h2> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">Seed extraction and processing generally needs specialized facilities.</p> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">Oil content varies from 28% to 30% and 80% extraction, one<span>&nbsp;</span>hectare<span>&nbsp;</span>of plantation will give 400 to 600 litres of oil if the soil is average.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[29]</sup></p> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">The oily seeds are processed into<span>&nbsp;</span>oil, which may be used directly ("Straight Vegetable Oil") to fuel combustion engines or may be subjected to<span>&nbsp;</span>transesterification<span>&nbsp;</span>to produce<span>&nbsp;</span>biodiesel.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[<i><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></i>]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>Jatropha oil is not suitable for human consumption, as it induces strong<span>&nbsp;</span>vomiting<span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span>diarrhea.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[<i><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></i>]</sup></p> <h2 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Biofuel">Biofuel</span></h2> <div class="thumb tright" style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> <div class="thumbinner" style="font-size: 13.16px;"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Jatropha_in_Paraguay_Chaco.jpg/220px-Jatropha_in_Paraguay_Chaco.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Jatropha_in_Paraguay_Chaco.jpg/330px-Jatropha_in_Paraguay_Chaco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Jatropha_in_Paraguay_Chaco.jpg/440px-Jatropha_in_Paraguay_Chaco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="1000"> <div class="thumbcaption" style="font-size: 12.3704px;"> <div class="magnify"></div> Jatropha plantation in the dry center/west of the<span>&nbsp;</span>Paraguay<span>&nbsp;</span>Chaco</div> </div> </div> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">When jatropha seeds are crushed, the resulting jatropha oil can be processed to produce a high-quality<span>&nbsp;</span>biofuel<span>&nbsp;</span>or<span>&nbsp;</span>biodiesel<span>&nbsp;</span>that can be used in a standard diesel car or further processed into jet fuel, while the residue (press cake) can also be used as biomass feedstock to power electricity plants, used as fertilizer (it contains nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium). The cake can also be used as feed in<span>&nbsp;</span>digesters<span>&nbsp;</span>and gasifiers to produce biogas.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[30]</sup></p> <div class="thumb tright" style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> <div class="thumbinner" style="font-size: 13.16px;"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Sedari_Menanam_Hingga_Memetik.jpg/220px-Sedari_Menanam_Hingga_Memetik.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="thumbimage" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Sedari_Menanam_Hingga_Memetik.jpg/330px-Sedari_Menanam_Hingga_Memetik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Sedari_Menanam_Hingga_Memetik.jpg/440px-Sedari_Menanam_Hingga_Memetik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1683"> <div class="thumbcaption" style="font-size: 12.3704px;"> <div class="magnify"></div> <i>"From planting to picking. Treat your jatropha plant as well as possible to make the yield as large as possible!"</i><span>&nbsp;</span>(A reference to the compulsory planting of jatropha in Indonesia for the production of oil as machinery lubricant and fuel for the Japanese WWII war effort.)</div> </div> </div> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">There are several forms of biofuel, often manufactured using<span>&nbsp;</span>sedimentation,<span>&nbsp;</span>centrifugation, and<span>&nbsp;</span>filtration. The fats and oils are turned into esters while separating the<span>&nbsp;</span>glycerin. At the end of the process, the glycerin settles and the biofuel floats. The process through which the glycerin is separated from the biodiesel is known as<span>&nbsp;</span>transesterification. Glycerin is another by-product from Jatropha oil processing that can add value to the crop. Transesterification is a simple chemical reaction that neutralizes the free fatty acids present in any fatty substances in Jatropha. A chemical exchange takes place between the<span>&nbsp;</span>alkoxy<span>&nbsp;</span>groups of an ester compound by an alcohol. Usually,<span>&nbsp;</span>methanol<span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span>ethanol<span>&nbsp;</span>are used for the purpose. The reaction occurs by the presence of a<span>&nbsp;</span>catalyst, usually sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or caustic soda and potassium hydroxide (KOH), which forms fatty esters (e.g., methyl or ethyl esters), commonly known as<span>&nbsp;</span>biodiesel. It takes approximately 10% of methyl alcohol by weight of the fatty substance to start the transesterification process.<sup id="cite_ref-Nahar_16-4" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[16]</sup></p> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">Estimates of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Jatropha</i><span>&nbsp;</span>seed yield vary widely, due to a lack of research data, the<span>&nbsp;</span>genetic<span>&nbsp;</span>diversity of the crop, the range of<span>&nbsp;</span>environments<span>&nbsp;</span>in which it is grown, and<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Jatropha</i><span class="nowrap">'</span>s perennial life cycle. Seed yields under cultivation can range from 1,500 to 2,000 kilograms per<span>&nbsp;</span>hectare, corresponding to extractable oil yields of 540 to 680 litres per hectare (58 to 73 gallons per acre).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[31]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>In 2009<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Time</i><span>&nbsp;</span>magazine cited the potential for as much as 1,600 gallons of diesel fuel per acre per year.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[32]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>The plant may yield more than four times as much fuel per<span>&nbsp;</span>hectare<span>&nbsp;</span>as<span>&nbsp;</span>soybean, and more than ten times that of<span>&nbsp;</span>maize<span>&nbsp;</span>(corn), but at the same time it requires five times as much water per unit of energy produced as does corn (see below). A hectare of jatropha has been claimed to produce 1,892 litres of fuel.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[33]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>However, as it has not yet been domesticated or improved by plant breeders, yields are variable.<sup id="cite_ref-Fairless_34-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[34]</sup></p> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><i>Jatropha</i><span>&nbsp;</span>can also be<span>&nbsp;</span>intercropped<span>&nbsp;</span>with other cash crops such as coffee, sugar, fruits and vegetables.<sup id="cite_ref-reuk_35-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[35]</sup></p> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">In 2007<span>&nbsp;</span>Goldman Sachs<span>&nbsp;</span>cited<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Jatropha curcas</i><span>&nbsp;</span>as one of the best candidates for future biodiesel production.<sup id="cite_ref-online.wsj.com_36-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[36]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>However, despite its abundance and use as an oil and<span>&nbsp;</span>reclamation<span>&nbsp;</span>plant, none of the<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Jatropha</i><span>&nbsp;</span>species has been properly<span>&nbsp;</span>domesticated<span>&nbsp;</span>and, as a result, its productivity is variable, and the long-term impact of its large-scale use on soil quality and the environment is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-Fairless2_37-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[37]</sup></p> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">In 2008 researchers at Daimler Chrysler Research explored the use of jatropha oil for automotive use, concluding that although jatropha oil as fuel "has not yet reached optimal quality, ... it already fulfills the EU norm for biodiesel quality".<span>&nbsp;</span>Archer Daniels Midland Company,<span>&nbsp;</span>Bayer CropScience<span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span>Daimler AG<span>&nbsp;</span>have a joint project to develop jatropha as a biofuel.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[38]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>Three Mercedes cars powered by Jatropha diesel have already put some 30,000 kilometres behind them. The project is supported by<span>&nbsp;</span>DaimlerChrysler<span>&nbsp;</span>and by the German Association for Investment and Development (Deutschen Investitions- und Entwicklungsgesellschaft, DEG).</p> <h3 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.2em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Jet_fuel">Jet fuel</span></h3> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">Aviation fuels may be more widely replaced by biofuels such as jatropha oil than fuels for other forms of transportation. There are fewer planes than cars or trucks and far fewer jet fueling stations to convert than gas stations.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes12-30_39-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[39]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>To fulfil the yearly demand for aviation fuel, based on demand in 2008 (fuel use has since grown), an area of farmland twice the size of France would need to be planted with jatropha, based on average yields of mature plantations on reasonably good, irrigated land.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[40]</sup></p> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">On December 30, 2008,<span>&nbsp;</span>Air New Zealand<span>&nbsp;</span>flew the first successful test flight from<span>&nbsp;</span>Auckland<span>&nbsp;</span>with a<span>&nbsp;</span>Boeing 747<span>&nbsp;</span>running one of its four<span>&nbsp;</span>Rolls-Royce<span>&nbsp;</span>engines on a 50:50 blend of jatropha oil and<span>&nbsp;</span>jet A-1 fuel.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes12-30_39-1" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[39]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[41]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>In the same press release, Air New Zealand announced plans to use the new fuel for 10% of its needs by 2013. At the time of this test, jatropha oil was much cheaper than crude oil, costing an estimated $43 a barrel or about one-third of the June 4, 2008 closing price of $122.30 for a<span>&nbsp;</span>barrel<span>&nbsp;</span>of<span>&nbsp;</span>crude oil.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[42]</sup></p> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">On January 7, 2009 Continental Airlines successfully completed a test flight from Houston, Texas using a 50/50 mixture of algae/jatropha-oil-derived biofuel and Jet A in one of the two CFM56 engines of a Boeing 737-800 Next Generation jet. The two-hour test flight could mark another promising step for the airline industry to find cheaper and more<span>&nbsp;</span>environmentally friendly<span>&nbsp;</span>alternatives to<span>&nbsp;</span>fossil fuel.</p> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">On April 1, 2011<span>&nbsp;</span>Interjet<span>&nbsp;</span>completed the first Mexican aviation biofuels test flight on an<span>&nbsp;</span>Airbus A320. The fuel was a 70:30 traditional jet fuel biojet blend produced from Jatropha oil provided by three Mexican producers, Global Energías Renovables (a wholly owned subsidiary of U.S.-based<span>&nbsp;</span>Global Clean Energy Holdings), Bencafser S.A. and Energy JH S.A. Honeywell's UOP processed the oil into Bio-SPK (Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene).<sup id="cite_ref-BiodeiselsMexico_43-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[43]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>Global Energías Renovables operates the largest Jatropha farm in the Americas.<sup id="cite_ref-BiodeiselsMexico_43-1" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[43]</sup></p> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">On October 28, 2011<span>&nbsp;</span>Air China<span>&nbsp;</span>completed the first successful demonstration flight by a Chinese airline that used jatropha-based biofuel. The mixture was a 50:50 mix of conventional jet fuel blended with jatropha oil from China National Petroleum Corp. The 747-400 powered one of its four engines on the fuel mixture during the 1-hour flight around Beijing airport.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[44]</sup></p> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">On August 27, 2018<span>&nbsp;</span>SpiceJet<span>&nbsp;</span>completed the first successful test flight by an Indian airline which used jatropha based biofuel. The ratio of conventional jet fuel to jatropha oil was 25:75.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[45]</sup></p> <h3 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.2em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Carbon_dioxide_sequestration">Carbon dioxide sequestration</span></h3> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">According to a 2013 study published by the<span>&nbsp;</span>European Geosciences Union,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[46]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>the jatropha tree may have applications in the absorption of carbon dioxide, whose sequestration is important in<span>&nbsp;</span>combating climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[47]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>This small tree is very resistant to aridity so it can be planted in hot and dry land in soil unsuitable for food production. The plant does need water to grow though, so coastal areas where desalinated seawater can be made available are ideal.</p> <h3 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.2em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Use_in_developing_world">Use in developing world</span></h3> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">Currently the oil from<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Jatropha curcas</i><span>&nbsp;</span>seeds<span>&nbsp;</span>is used for making<span>&nbsp;</span>biodiesel<span>&nbsp;</span>fuel in<span>&nbsp;</span>Philippines,<span>&nbsp;</span>Pakistan<span>&nbsp;</span>and in<span>&nbsp;</span>Brazil, where it grows naturally and in plantations in the southeast, north, and northeast of Brazil. In the<span>&nbsp;</span>Gran Chaco<span>&nbsp;</span>of<span>&nbsp;</span>Paraguay, where a native variety (<i>Jatropha matacensis</i>) also grows, studies have shown the suitability of Jatropha cultivation<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[48]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[49]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>and agro producers are starting to consider planting in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[50]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>In Africa, cultivation of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>jatropha</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is being promoted and it is grown successfully in countries such as<span>&nbsp;</span>Mali.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[51]</sup></p> <h4 style="color: #000000; font-size: 14px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="India">India</span></h4> <div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable" style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">Further information:<span>&nbsp;</span>Jatropha biodiesel in India</div> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">Jatropha oil is being promoted as an easily grown biofuel crop in hundreds of projects throughout India.<sup id="cite_ref-WAC_52-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[52]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>Large plantings and nurseries have been undertaken in India by many research institutions, and by women's<span>&nbsp;</span>self-help<span>&nbsp;</span>groups who use a system of<span>&nbsp;</span>microcredit<span>&nbsp;</span>to ease poverty among semiliterate Indian women. The<span>&nbsp;</span>railway line<span>&nbsp;</span>between<span>&nbsp;</span>Mumbai<span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span>Delhi<span>&nbsp;</span>is planted with<span>&nbsp;</span><i>jatropha</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and the train itself runs on 15–20%<span>&nbsp;</span>biodiesel.<sup id="cite_ref-Fairless_34-1" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[34]</sup></p> <h4 style="color: #000000; font-size: 14px;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Myanmar">Myanmar</span><span class="mw-editsection" style="font-size: small;"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d;">[</span>edit<span class="mw-editsection-bracket" style="color: #54595d;">]</span></span></h4> <table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation" style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"> <div><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399"></div> </td> <td class="mbox-text"> <div class="mbox-text-span">This section<span>&nbsp;</span><b>does not<span>&nbsp;</span>cite<span>&nbsp;</span>any<span>&nbsp;</span>sources</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"><span>&nbsp;</span>Please help<span>&nbsp;</span>improve this section<span>&nbsp;</span>by<span>&nbsp;</span>adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and<span>&nbsp;</span>removed.</span><span>&nbsp;</span><span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i><span>&nbsp;</span>(Learn how and when to remove this template message)</i></span></div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">Myanmar<span>&nbsp;</span>is also actively pursuing the use of jatropha oil. On 15 December 2005, then-head of state, Senior General<span>&nbsp;</span>Than Shwe, said “the States and Divisions concerned are to put 50,000 acres (200 km²) under the physic nut plants [Jatropha] each within three years totalling 700,000 acres (2,800 km²) during the period”. On the occasion of Burma’s Peasant Day 2006, Than Shwe described in his a message that “For energy sector which is an essential role in transforming industrial agriculture system, the Government is encouraging for cultivation of physic nut plants nationwide and the technical know how that can refine physic nuts to biodiesel has also identified.” He would like to urge peasants to cultivate physic nut plants on a commercial scale with major aims for emergence of industrial agriculture system, for fulfilling rural electricity supply and energy needs, for supporting rural areas development and import substitute economy. (2005 from MRTV)</p> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">In 2006, the chief research officer at state-run<span>&nbsp;</span>Myanma Oil and Gas Enterprise<span>&nbsp;</span>said Burma hoped to completely replace the country's oil imports of 40,000 barrels a day with home-brewed, jatropha-derived biofuel. Other government officials declared Burma would soon start exporting jatropha oil. Despite the military's efforts, the jatropha campaign apparently has largely flopped in its goal of making Burma self-sufficient in fuel. (2006 from MyawaddyTV)</p> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">Z.G.S. Bioenergy has started Jatropha Plantation Projects in Northern<span>&nbsp;</span>Shan State, the company has begun planting Jatropha plants during late June 2007 and will start producing seeds by 2010. (20 July 2007 from New Light of Myanmar)</p> <h3 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.2em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Controversies">Controversies</span></h3> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">As of 2011 scepticism about the "miracle" properties of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Jatropha</i><span>&nbsp;</span>has been voiced. For example: "The idea that jatropha can be grown on marginal land is a<span>&nbsp;</span>red herring", according to Harry Stourton, former business development director of UK-based Sun Biofuels, which attempted to cultivate<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Jatropha</i><span>&nbsp;</span>in Mozambique and Tanzania. "It does grow on marginal land, but if you use marginal land you'll get marginal yields," he said.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[53]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[54]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>Sun Biofuels, after failing to adequately compensate local farmers for the land acquired for their plantation in Tanzania, pay workers severance, or deliver promised supplies to local villagers, went bankrupt later in 2011, the villager farmland being sold to an offshore investment fund.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[55]</sup></p> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">An August 2010 article warned about the actual utility and potential dangers of reliance on<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Jatropha</i><span>&nbsp;</span>in Kenya. Major concerns included its invasiveness, which could disrupt local biodiversity, as well as damage to water catchment areas.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[56]</sup></p> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><i>Jatropha curcas</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is lauded as being sustainable, and that its production would not compete with food production, but the jatropha plant needs water like every other crop to grow. This could create competition for water between the jatropha and other edible food crops. In fact, jatropha requires five times more water per unit of energy than sugarcane and corn.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[57]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[58]</sup></p> <h2 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Food_for_human_consumption">Food for human consumption</span></h2> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><i>Xuta</i>,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>chuta</i>,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>aishte</i><span>&nbsp;</span>or<span>&nbsp;</span><i>piñón manso</i><span>&nbsp;</span>(among others) are some of the names given in<span>&nbsp;</span>Mexico<span>&nbsp;</span>to edible non-toxic<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Jatropha curcas</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Universidad_59-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[59]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-valdez2013_9-1" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[9]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>It is grown in house gardens or other small areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Universidad_59-1" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[59]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>Although it is known as a toxic plant due to the presence of diterpenes named phorbol esters,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[60]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>the existence of edible non-toxic<span>&nbsp;</span><i>J. curcas</i><span>&nbsp;</span>without phorbol esters content has been demonstrated.<sup id="cite_ref-valdez2013_9-2" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[9]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Osuna_61-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[61]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>It is also similarly reported that<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Jatropha</i><span>&nbsp;</span>seeds are edible once the embryo has been removed.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[62]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>The process for analysis of phorbol ester contents in<span>&nbsp;</span><i>J. curcas</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is done through<span>&nbsp;</span>high-performance liquid chromatography<span>&nbsp;</span>(HPLC).<sup id="cite_ref-Makkar_63-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[63]</sup></p> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">Xuta is traditionally prepared for local celebrations or popular parties. The kernels are roasted and eaten as a snack or roasted and ground to prepare different dishes, such as<span>&nbsp;</span>tamales, soups and sauces like “pipian”.<sup id="cite_ref-valdez2013_9-3" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[9]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Osuna_61-1" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[61]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>The seeds in the zone around Misantla, Veracruz are very appreciated by the population as food once they have been boiled and roasted.</p> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">Root ashes are used as a salt substitute.<span>&nbsp;</span>HCN<span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span>rotenone<span>&nbsp;</span>are present.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[64]</sup></p> <h2 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_uses">Other uses</span></h2> <ul style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> <li><b>Flowers</b></li> </ul> <dl style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> <dd>The species is listed as a<span>&nbsp;</span>honey<span>&nbsp;</span>plant.<span>&nbsp;</span>Hydrogen cyanide is present.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[65]</sup></dd> </dl> <ul style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> <li><b>Nuts</b></li> </ul> <dl style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> <dd>Can be construed for home cooking fuel in briquette form replacing charcoalized timber as in Haiti.<sup id="cite_ref-Glenn_Brooks_Jachob_e3_66-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[66]</sup></dd> <dd>They can be burned like<span>&nbsp;</span>candlenuts<span>&nbsp;</span>when strung on grass.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[<i><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span></i>]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>HCN<span>&nbsp;</span>is present.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup></dd> <dd>Used as a<span>&nbsp;</span>contraceptive<span>&nbsp;</span>in South Sudan.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_68-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[68]</sup></dd> </dl> <ul style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> <li><b>Seeds</b></li> </ul> <dl style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"> <dd>Interest exists in producing animal feed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[<i><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span></i>]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>from the bio-waste once the oil is expressed, as in the case with Haiti, where Jatropha curcas grows prolifically and animal feed is in very short supply.<sup id="cite_ref-Glenn_Brooks_Jachob_e3_66-1" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[66]</sup></dd> <dd>Similarly, Metsiyen in the Haitian culture dates back as a medicinal crop—thus the name "metsiyen"/"medsiyen". Some suggest it "calms the stomach".<sup id="cite_ref-Glenn_Brooks_Jachob_e3_66-2" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[66]</sup></dd> <dd>Also used as a contraceptive in South Sudan.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_68-1" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[68]</sup></dd> <dd class="">The oil has been used for illumination,<span>&nbsp;</span>soap,<span>&nbsp;</span>candles, the<span>&nbsp;</span>adulteration<span>&nbsp;</span>of<span>&nbsp;</span>olive oil, and making<span>&nbsp;</span>Turkey red oil.<span>&nbsp;</span>Turkey red oil, also called sulphonated (or sulfated) castor oil, is the only oil that completely disperses in water. It is made by adding<span>&nbsp;</span>sulfuric acid<span>&nbsp;</span>to pure<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Jatropha</i><span>&nbsp;</span>oil.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[69]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>It was the first synthetic<span>&nbsp;</span>detergent<span>&nbsp;</span>after ordinary<span>&nbsp;</span>soap, as this allows easy use for making bath oil products. It is used in formulating<span>&nbsp;</span>lubricants, softeners, and<span>&nbsp;</span>dyeing assistants.</dd> </dl><script src="//cdn.public.n1ed.com/G3OMDFLT/widgets.js"></script>
T 92 (5 S)
Physic nut, Barbados nut Seeds (Jatropha curcas)

This plant is medicinal plant
Purple coneflower seeds...

Purple coneflower seeds...

Price €1.15 SKU: MHS 75
,
5/ 5
<h2><strong>Purple coneflower seeds (Echinacea purpurea)</strong></h2> <h2><span style="color: #ff0000;"><strong>Price for a Package of 20 seeds.</strong></span></h2> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><i><b>Echinacea purpurea</b></i>, the<span>&nbsp;</span><b>eastern purple coneflower</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-b_2-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup><span>&nbsp;</span><b>purple coneflower</b>,<span>&nbsp;</span><b>hedgehog coneflower</b>, or<span>&nbsp;</span><b>echinacea</b>, is a<span>&nbsp;</span>North American<span>&nbsp;</span>species<span>&nbsp;</span>of<span>&nbsp;</span>flowering plant<span>&nbsp;</span>in the<span>&nbsp;</span>sunflower family.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmerman_3-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup><span>&nbsp;</span>It is<span>&nbsp;</span>native<span>&nbsp;</span>to parts of eastern North America<sup id="cite_ref-pfaf_4-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup><span>&nbsp;</span>and presents to some extent in the wild in much of the eastern, southeastern, and midwestern<span>&nbsp;</span>United States<span>&nbsp;</span>as well as in the<span>&nbsp;</span>Canadian Province<span>&nbsp;</span>of<span>&nbsp;</span>Ontario. It is most common in the<span>&nbsp;</span>Ozarks<span>&nbsp;</span>and in the<span>&nbsp;</span>Mississippi/Ohio Valley. <sup id="cite_ref-PLANTS_5-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup>Its<span>&nbsp;</span>habitats<span>&nbsp;</span>include dry open woods, prairies, and barrens.</p> <h2 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</span></h2> <p><i>Echinacea</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is derived from<span>&nbsp;</span>Greek, meaning ‘spiny one’, in reference to the spiny sea urchins 'εχίνοι' which the ripe flower heads of species of this genus resemble. The epithet<span>&nbsp;</span><i>purpurea</i><span>&nbsp;</span>means 'reddish-purple'.<sup id="cite_ref-gledhill_7-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[7]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>Originally named<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Rudbeckia purpurea</i><span>&nbsp;</span>by Linnaeus in 1753 in Species plantarum 6, it was reclassified in 1794 by Conrad Moench, in a new genus named<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Echinacea purpurea</i><span>&nbsp;</span>(L.) Moench. In 1818,<span>&nbsp;</span>Thomas Nuttall<span>&nbsp;</span>describes a new variety that he named<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Rudbeckia purpurea</i><span>&nbsp;</span>var. serotina. Just two decades later, De Candolle raised him to the rank of species of the other genus<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Echinacea serotina</i><span>&nbsp;</span>(Nutt.) DC. (1836).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[8]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>In 2002, Binns et al. discovered a misapplication of the name<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Echinacea purpurea</i><span>&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 11.9px;">(L.) Moench</span><span>&nbsp;</span>for the taxon correctly named<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Echinacea serotina</i><span>&nbsp;</span><span style="font-size: 11.9px;">(Nutt.) DC.</span><span>&nbsp;</span>in 1836. The authors proposed to retain the names not to cause confusion among gardeners and herbalists.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[9]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>Other names include: Broad-leaved purple coneflower, Eastern Purple Coneflower, Hedgehog Coneflower, Echinacea.</p> <h2 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Description">Description</span></h2> <p><i>Echinacea purpurea</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is an<span>&nbsp;</span>herbaceous<span>&nbsp;</span>perennial<span>&nbsp;</span>up to 120&nbsp;cm (47&nbsp;in) tall by 25&nbsp;cm (10&nbsp;in) wide at maturity. Depending on the climate, it blooms throughout summer into autumn. Its cone-shaped<span>&nbsp;</span>flowering heads<span>&nbsp;</span>are usually, but not always, purple in the wild. Its individual flowers (florets) within the<span>&nbsp;</span>flower head<span>&nbsp;</span>are<span>&nbsp;</span>hermaphroditic, having both male and female organs in each flower. It is<span>&nbsp;</span>pollinated<span>&nbsp;</span>by butterflies and bees. The alternate leaves, borne by a<span>&nbsp;</span>petiole<span>&nbsp;</span>from 0 to 17&nbsp;cm, are oval to<span>&nbsp;</span>lanceolate, 5-30 x 5-12&nbsp;cm; the margin is tightened to toothed.</p> <p>The<span>&nbsp;</span>inflorescence<span>&nbsp;</span>is a<span>&nbsp;</span>capitulum, 7 to 15&nbsp;cm in diameter, formed by a prominent domed central protuberance consisting of multiple small yellow florets. These are surrounded by a ring of pink or purple<span>&nbsp;</span>ligulate<span>&nbsp;</span>florets. The tubular florets are<span>&nbsp;</span>hermaphrodite<span>&nbsp;</span>while the ligular florets are<span>&nbsp;</span>sterile. The<span>&nbsp;</span>involucral bracts<span>&nbsp;</span>are linear to lanceolate. The plant prefers well-drained soils in full sun.<sup id="cite_ref-b_2-1" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[2]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>The fruit is an<span>&nbsp;</span>achene, sought after by birds.</p> <h2 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Cultivation">Cultivation</span></h2> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><i>Echinacea purpurea</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is grown as an<span>&nbsp;</span>ornamental plant<span>&nbsp;</span>in temperate regions. It is ideal for curbs, walkways or beds. The flowers can also go into the composition of fresh bouquets. Numerous<span>&nbsp;</span>cultivars<span>&nbsp;</span>have been developed for flower quality and plant form.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmerman_3-1" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[3]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>The plant grows in sun or light shade.<sup id="cite_ref-midgely1999_10-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[10]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>It thrives in either dry or moist soil and can tolerate drought once established. The cultivars 'Ruby Giant'<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[11]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><span class="trade_designation"><b>Elton Knight</b></span>='Elbrook'<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[12]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>have gained the<span>&nbsp;</span>Royal Horticultural Society's<span>&nbsp;</span>Award of Garden Merit.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[13]</sup></p> <h3 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.2em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Propagation">Propagation</span></h3> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><i>Echinacea purpurea</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is<span>&nbsp;</span>propagated<span>&nbsp;</span>either<span>&nbsp;</span>vegetatively<span>&nbsp;</span>or from<span>&nbsp;</span>seeds.<sup id="cite_ref-pfaf_4-1" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[4]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>Useful vegetative techniques include division, root cuttings, and basal cuttings. Clumps can be<span>&nbsp;</span>divided, or broken into smaller bunches, which is normally done in the spring or autumn. Cuttings made from roots that are "pencil-sized" will develop into plants when started in late autumn or early winter.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmerman_3-2" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[3]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>Cuttings of basal shoots in the spring may be rooted when treated with<span>&nbsp;</span>rooting hormones, such as IBA at 1000&nbsp;ppm.<sup id="cite_ref-Plant_Delights_14-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[14]</sup></p> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">Seed<span>&nbsp;</span>germination<span>&nbsp;</span>occurs best with daily temperature fluctuations<sup id="cite_ref-pfaf_4-2" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[4]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>or after stratification,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[15]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>which help to end<span>&nbsp;</span>dormancy. Seeds may be started indoors in advance of the growing season or outdoors after the growing season has started.</p> <h2 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Ecology">Ecology</span></h2> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">Slugs<sup id="cite_ref-pfaf_4-3" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[4]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span>rabbits<span>&nbsp;</span>will also eat the foliage when young, or shortly after emerging in the spring.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[16]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>Additionally, roots can be damaged and eaten by<span>&nbsp;</span>gophers.<sup id="cite_ref-PLANTS_5-1" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[5]</sup></p> <h2 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Chemistry">Chemistry</span></h2> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><i>Echinacea purpurea</i><span>&nbsp;</span>contains alkamides,<span>&nbsp;</span>caffeic acid<span>&nbsp;</span>derivatives,<span>&nbsp;</span>polysaccharides, and<span>&nbsp;</span>glycoproteins.<sup id="cite_ref-Saeidnia_2015_63_17-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[17]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>Nicotiflorin is the dominant<span>&nbsp;</span>flavonoid<span>&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;</span><i>E. purpurea</i>, followed by the flavonoid<span>&nbsp;</span>rutin.<sup id="cite_ref-Kurkin_905–906_18-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[18]</sup></p> <h2 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Traditional_medicine">Traditional medicine</span></h2> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;" class=""><strong>Native Americans used the plant as a traditional medicine to treat many ailments.<br><br>Medicinal ingredients<br>Three types of echinacea show healing properties: (Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea angustifolia and Echinacea pallida). These species contain in different ratios: phenolic carboxylic acids and depsidic acids: caffeic, chlorogenic and dicapheoylcholic acid; esters of caffeic ivic acid and ferulinic and tartaric acid. Esters of sugar and caffeic acid - echinacosides are also present; unsaturated, aliphatic compounds: amides, isobutylamides, polyene acids ...<br><br>Medicinal effect and use<br>Both above-ground and underground parts of the plant are used, from which syrup, tea, tinctures, sprays, tablets, juices, etc. can be made. Various products based on this plant can now be found on our market, but caution is advised when using them. It is best to seek advice from experts (pharmacists) in order to avoid the use of insufficiently good preparations and for the dosage to be correct.<br><br>Among the American Indians, this plant is the basis of folk medicine, like lynx in our nation. They use it against snake bites and stings of poisonous insects (it has an antiseptic effect) and inflammation, as well as for raising and maintaining immunity.<br><br>Today, it is mostly used to raise immunity and to improve the defense against infection by microorganisms (viruses, bacteria). The use of echinacea increases non-specific immunity, ie it achieves a better defense ability of the organism against anything that could harm it.<br><br>Echinacea is considered to increase the body's defenses by increasing the number of leukocytes (white blood cells), and stimulates the synthesis of interferon, a protein that participates in the body's defense against viral infections. The best effect is achieved when preparations of this plant are taken as soon as the first symptoms of flu or cold are noticed, that is, before the disease develops. This helps the body to resist infection. Echinacea has antibacterial and antiviral effects. It is also applied locally, for wounds, injuries, bites, stings ... because it has an antibacterial effect and accelerates wound healing by creating connective tissue. It is used in case of infections or preventively, to stimulate immunity, and it is not recommended to use it for more than 8 weeks in a row. German Commission E approved the use of echinacea extract in colds and chronic respiratory infections, and in lower urinary tract infections.<br><br>Side effects<br>No side effects were reported. Allergies are possible in people who are allergic to other plants from the Asteraceae family (dandelion, chamomile ...).<br><br>Contraindications<br>Due to its immunostimulatory properties, echinacea should not be used in autoimmune diseases (AIDS, multiple sclerosis, collagenosis, lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, ...). Concomitant use with immunosuppressants and corticosteroids is contraindicated. It does not apply to children younger than 2 years.<br><br>Due to insufficient knowledge of the composition and action of echinacea, it is not recommended during pregnancy and breastfeeding. The application is contraindicated in the following systemic diseases: tuberculosis, multiple sclerosis, autoimmune diseases.<br></strong><sup id="cite_ref-drugs_19-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup></p> <script src="//cdn.public.n1ed.com/G3OMDFLT/widgets.js"></script>
MHS 75 (0.1 g)
Purple coneflower seeds (Echinacea purpurea)
Love-In-A-Mist, Ragged Lady Flower Seeds 1.95 - 2

Love-In-A-Mist, Ragged Lady...

Price €1.95 SKU: MHS 162
,
5/ 5
<div class="&quot;rte&quot;"> <h2><strong>Love-In-A-Mist, Ragged Lady Flower Seeds</strong></h2> <h3><span style="color: #ff0000;"><strong>Price for Package of 50 seeds.</strong></span></h3> <p>Nigella damascena (love-in-a-mist, ragged lady) is an annual garden flowering plant, belonging to the buttercup family Ranunculaceae. It is native to southern Europe (but adventive in more northern countries of Europe), North Africa, and southwest Asia, where it is found on neglected, damp patches of land.</p> <p class="">The specific epithet Damascena relates to Damascus in Syria. The plant's common name comes from the flower being nestled in a ring of multifid, lacy bracts. It is also sometimes called devil-in-the-bush</p> <p>It grows to 20–50 cm (8–20 in) tall, with pinnately divided, thread-like, alternate leaves. The flowers, blooming in early summer, are most commonly different shades of blue but can be white, pink, or pale purple, with 5 to 25 sepals. The actual petals are located at the base of the stamens and are minute and clawed. The sepals are the only colored part of the perianth. The four to five carpels of the compound pistil have each an erect style.</p> <p>The fruit is a large and inflated capsule, growing from a compound ovary, and is composed of several united follicles, each containing numerous seeds. This is rather exceptional for a member of the buttercup family. The capsule becomes brown in late summer. The plant self-seeds, growing on the same spot year after year.</p> <p><strong>Cultivation</strong></p> <p>This easily grown plant has been a familiar subject in English cottage gardens since Elizabethan times, admired for its ferny foliage, spiky flowers, and bulbous seed-heads. It is now widely cultivated throughout the temperate world, and numerous cultivars have been developed for garden use. The most common variety is 'Miss Jekyll' which has blue flowers, but the more recent 'Persian Jewels' is a mixture of white, pink, lavender, and blue flowers. 'Persian Rose' is pale pink. Other cultivars are 'Albion', 'Blue Midget', 'Cambridge Blue', 'Mulberry Rose', and 'Oxford Blue'. 'Dwarf Moody Blue' is around 15 cm (6 in) high. The white-flowered cultivar 'Miss Jekyll Alba' has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.<br /><br /><strong>Use:</strong> in herbal medicine and as a spice in the kitchen<br />Nigella is used in natural medicine as a diuretic, for easier coughing and against bloating.<br />Nigella seed oil is used to make perfumes and lipsticks. Finely ground seeds have an intense taste of Lazarus.<br />They can be used in the kitchen to enhance desserts. Due to the alkaloid contained damascene which is toxic in case of overdose, used in the kitchen.</p> </div> <script src="//cdn.public.n1ed.com/G3OMDFLT/widgets.js"></script>
MHS 162 (50 S)
Love-In-A-Mist, Ragged Lady Flower Seeds 1.95 - 2

This plant is edible

This plant is medicinal plant

Ayurveda Plant
Gotu kola Seeds (Centella...

Gotu kola Seeds (Centella...

Price €2.45 SKU: MHS 78
,
5/ 5
<h2><strong>Gotu kola Seeds (Centella asiatica)</strong></h2> <h2><span style="color: #fd0000;"><strong>Price for Package of 20 seeds.</strong></span></h2> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><i><b>Centella asiatica</b></i>, commonly known as<span>&nbsp;</span><b>Gotu kola</b>,<span>&nbsp;</span><b>kodavan</b>,<span>&nbsp;</span><b>Indian pennywort</b><span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span><b>Asiatic pennywort</b>, is a<span>&nbsp;</span>herbaceous,<span>&nbsp;</span>perennial plant<span>&nbsp;</span>in the<span>&nbsp;</span>flowering plant<span>&nbsp;</span>family<span>&nbsp;</span>Apiaceae.<sup id="cite_ref-cabi_2-1" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[2]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>It is native to the wetlands in<span>&nbsp;</span>Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FD_4-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup><span>&nbsp;</span>It is used as a culinary<span>&nbsp;</span>vegetable<span>&nbsp;</span>and as a<span>&nbsp;</span>medicinal herb.<sup id="cite_ref-cabi_2-2" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;"></sup></p> <h2 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Description">Description</span></h2> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><i>Centella</i><span>&nbsp;</span>grows in<span>&nbsp;</span>temperate<span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span>tropical<span>&nbsp;</span>swampy areas in many regions of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-cabi_2-3" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[2]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>The stems are slender, creeping<span>&nbsp;</span>stolons, green to reddish-green in color, connecting plants to each other.<sup id="cite_ref-cabi_2-4" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[2]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>It has long-stalked, green, rounded apices which have smooth texture with palmately netted veins.<sup id="cite_ref-cabi_2-5" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[2]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>The leaves are borne on pericladial petioles,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[<i><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2021)">clarification needed</span></i>]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>around 2&nbsp;cm (0.79&nbsp;in). The rootstock consists of<span>&nbsp;</span>rhizomes, growing vertically down. They are creamish in color and covered with root hairs.<sup id="cite_ref-cabi_2-6" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[2]</sup></p> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">The<span>&nbsp;</span>flowers<span>&nbsp;</span>are white or<span>&nbsp;</span>crimson<span>&nbsp;</span>in color, born in small, rounded bunches (umbels) near the surface of the soil.<sup id="cite_ref-cabi_2-7" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[2]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>Each flower is partly enclosed in two green bracts. The hermaphrodite flowers are minute in size, less than 3&nbsp;mm (0.12&nbsp;in), with five to six corolla lobes per flower. Each flower bears five stamens and two<span>&nbsp;</span>styles. The fruit are densely reticulate, distinguishing it from species of<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Hydrocotyle</i><span>&nbsp;</span>which have smooth, ribbed or warty fruit.<sup id="cite_ref-FD_4-1" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[4]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>The crop matures in three months, and the whole plant, including the roots, is harvested manually. It is a highly<span>&nbsp;</span>invasive<span>&nbsp;</span>plant, rated as "high risk".<sup id="cite_ref-cabi_2-8" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[2]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span><i>Centella</i><span>&nbsp;</span>has numerous common names in its regions of distribution.<sup id="cite_ref-cabi_2-9" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[2]</sup></p> <h2 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Habitat">Habitat</span></h2> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><i>Centella asiatica</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is indigenous to the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and wetland regions of the Southeastern US.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[5]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[6]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>Because the plant is aquatic, it is especially sensitive to biological and chemical pollutants in the water, which may be absorbed into the plant. It can be cultivated in drier soils as long as they are watered regularly enough (such as in a home garden arrangement).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[<i><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></i>]</sup></p> <h2 style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Chemistry">Chemistry</span></h2> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;"><i>Centella</i><span>&nbsp;</span>contains pentacyclic<span>&nbsp;</span>triterpenoids, including<span>&nbsp;</span>asiaticoside,<span>&nbsp;</span>brahmoside,<span>&nbsp;</span>asiatic acid, and<span>&nbsp;</span>brahmic acid<span>&nbsp;</span>(madecassic acid). Other constituents include<span>&nbsp;</span>centellose,<span>&nbsp;</span>centelloside, and madecassoside.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[7]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[8]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[9]</sup></p> <p style="color: #000000; font-size: 1.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Culinary_use">Culinary</span><span id="Culinary_use"> use</span><span id="Culinary_use"><br></span><span></span></p> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">In<span>&nbsp;</span>Burmese cuisine, raw pennywort is used as the main constituent in a salad mixed with onions, crushed peanuts, bean powder and seasoned with lime juice and fish sauce. Centella is used as a leafy green in<span>&nbsp;</span>Sri Lankan<span>&nbsp;</span>cuisine, being the predominantly locally available leafy green, where it is called<span>&nbsp;</span><i lang="si-Latn" title="Sinhala-language romanization">gotu kola</i>. It is most often prepared as<span>&nbsp;</span><i lang="si-Latn" title="Sinhala-language romanization">malluma</i>, a traditional accompaniment to<span>&nbsp;</span>rice<span>&nbsp;</span>and vegetarian dishes, such as<span>&nbsp;</span><i lang="hi-Latn" title="Hindi-language romanization">dal</i>, and<span>&nbsp;</span>jackfruit<span>&nbsp;</span>or<span>&nbsp;</span>pumpkin<span>&nbsp;</span>curry. It is considered nutritious. In addition to finely chopped<span>&nbsp;</span><i lang="si-Latn" title="Sinhala-language romanization">gotu kola</i><span>&nbsp;</span>plants, the<span>&nbsp;</span><i lang="si-Latn" title="Sinhala-language romanization">gotu kola malluma</i><span>&nbsp;</span>may be eaten with grated<span>&nbsp;</span>coconut, diced<span>&nbsp;</span>shallots,<span>&nbsp;</span>lime<span>&nbsp;</span>(or<span>&nbsp;</span>lemon) juice, and sea salt. Additional ingredients are finely chopped green<span>&nbsp;</span>chilis,<span>&nbsp;</span>chili powder,<span>&nbsp;</span>turmeric<span>&nbsp;</span>powder, or chopped<span>&nbsp;</span>carrots. The<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Centella</i><span>&nbsp;</span>fruit-bearing structures are discarded from the<span>&nbsp;</span><i lang="si-Latn" title="Sinhala-language romanization">gotu kola malluma</i><span>&nbsp;</span>due to their intense bitter taste. A variation of<span>&nbsp;</span>porridge<span>&nbsp;</span>known as<span>&nbsp;</span><i lang="si-Latn" title="Sinhala-language romanization">kola kenda</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is also made with<span>&nbsp;</span><i lang="si-Latn" title="Sinhala-language romanization">gotu kola</i><span>&nbsp;</span>in Sri Lanka.<span>&nbsp;</span><i lang="si-Latn" title="Sinhala-language romanization">Gotu kola kenda</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is made with well-boiled red rice with some extra liquid,<span>&nbsp;</span>coconut milk<span>&nbsp;</span>first extract, and<span>&nbsp;</span><i lang="si-Latn" title="Sinhala-language romanization">gotu kola</i><span>&nbsp;</span>purée. The porridge is accompanied with<span>&nbsp;</span>jaggery<span>&nbsp;</span>for sweetness.<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Centella</i><span>&nbsp;</span>leaves are also used in modern sweet pennywort drinks and herbal teas. In addition the leaves are served stir-fried whole in coconut oil, or cooked in coconut milk with garlic or<span>&nbsp;</span><i lang="hi-Latn" title="Hindi-language romanization">dhal</i>.</p> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">In<span>&nbsp;</span>Indonesia, the leaves are used for<span>&nbsp;</span><i>sambai oi peuga-ga</i>, an<span>&nbsp;</span>Aceh<span>&nbsp;</span>type of salad, and is also mixed into<span>&nbsp;</span><i>asinan</i><span>&nbsp;</span>in<span>&nbsp;</span>Bogor. In<span>&nbsp;</span>Cambodia,<span>&nbsp;</span>Vietnam<span>&nbsp;</span>and<span>&nbsp;</span>Thailand, this leaf is used for preparing a drink or can be eaten in raw form in salads or<span>&nbsp;</span>cold rolls. In Bangkok, vendors in the<span>&nbsp;</span>Chatuchak Weekend Market<span>&nbsp;</span>sell it alongside coconut,<span>&nbsp;</span>roselle,<span>&nbsp;</span>chrysanthemum, orange and other health drinks. In<span>&nbsp;</span>Malay cuisine<span>&nbsp;</span>it is known as pegaga, and the leaves of this plant are used for<span>&nbsp;</span><i>ulam</i>, a type of vegetable salad.<sup id="cite_ref-cabi_2-10" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[2]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span><i>C. asiatica</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is widely used in various<span>&nbsp;</span>Indian regional cuisines. In Bangladesh Centella is called<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Thankuni Pata</i><span>&nbsp;</span>and used in various dishes, one of the most appetising of which is the<span>&nbsp;</span>pakora-like snack called<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Thankuni Patar Bora</i>; made of mashed<span>&nbsp;</span><i>Centella</i>,<span>&nbsp;</span>lentils,<span>&nbsp;</span>julienne-ed onion and<span>&nbsp;</span>green chilli.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[<i><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></i>]</sup></p> <h2 style="font-size: 1.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Traditional_medicine">Traditional medicine</span></h2> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">In<span>&nbsp;</span>traditional medicine,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>C. asiatica</i><span>&nbsp;</span>has been used to treat various disorders and minor wounds,<sup id="cite_ref-cabi_2-11" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[2]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>although clinical efficacy and safety have not been scientifically confirmed.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_10-0" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[10]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>Contact dermatitis<span>&nbsp;</span>and skin irritation can result from<span>&nbsp;</span>topical application.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_10-1" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[10]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>Drowsiness<span>&nbsp;</span>may occur after consuming it.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_10-2" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[10]</sup><span>&nbsp;</span>The herb may have<span>&nbsp;</span>adverse effects<span>&nbsp;</span>on<span>&nbsp;</span>liver function<span>&nbsp;</span>when used over many months.<sup id="cite_ref-drugs_10-3" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[10]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference" style="font-size: 11.2px;">[11]</sup></p> <h2 style="font-size: 1.5em;"><span class="mw-headline" id="Agriculture">Agriculture</span></h2> <p style="color: #202122; font-size: 14px;">In the context of<span>&nbsp;</span>phytoremediation,<span>&nbsp;</span><i>C. asiatica</i><span>&nbsp;</span>is a potential<span>&nbsp;</span>phytoextraction<span>&nbsp;</span>tool owing to its ability to take up and<span>&nbsp;</span>translocate<span>&nbsp;</span>metals from root to shoot when grown in soils contaminated by<span>&nbsp;</span>heavy metals.<span id="Culinary_use"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Culinary_use"><br></span></p><script src="//cdn.public.n1ed.com/G3OMDFLT/widgets.js"></script>
MHS 78
Gotu kola Seeds (Centella asiatica)

This plant is edible

This plant is edible

We recommend this plant! We have tested this plant.
Fuzzyfruit nightshade seeds...

Fuzzyfruit nightshade seeds...

Price €2.25 SKU: V 124
,
5/ 5
<h2><strong>Fuzzyfruit nightshade seeds (Solanum candidum)</strong></h2> <h2><span style="color: #ff0000;"><strong>Price for Package of 5 seeds.</strong></span></h2> <p>A herby shrub to 3 m tall with large, lobed leaves and furry, apricot-sized, edible fruits. Solanum candidum is widely distributed in woodlands and disturbed areas from southern Mexico south along the Andes to Peru.</p> <p>Solanum candidum is a species of evergreen shrub native to South America and occasionally grown for its edible fruit.</p> <p>Undomesticated and very rare in cultivation, it is known as fuzzyfruit nightshade, naranjilla Silvestre or chichilegua. The fruit somewhat resembles the related Cocona (Solanum sessiliflorum), and Solanum candidum will apparently hybridize with a number of close relatives, including cocona, naranjilla, and pseudolulo. One notable difference is the extremely hirsute fruits, which – unlike most of its relatives – do not detach easily upon full ripening, which is a hindrance to eating the ripe fruit. Nonetheless, S. candidum is a close relative of other nightshades cultivated for their edible fruit, including the tomato (S. lycopersicum), the naranjilla (S. quitoense), and the eggplant (S. melongena). Its relatively strong resistance to pests and disease (in comparison with its more appetizing relatives) has drawn some agricultural interest.</p> <p>Scientifically, S. candidum is of additional interest, as it appears to be the closest relative and a possible ancestor to Asian members of the same botanical clade, notably Solanum lasiocarpum, which is native to India but is cultivated for its naranjilla-like fruits, and will likewise readily hybridize with S. candidum.</p> <p>Solanum candidum is presumed to be native to the temperate Andean regions of Colombia, Peru and Chile. Like the cocona, naranjilla, and Indian nightshade, S. candidium can bear fruit within 1 or 2 years from seed. A short-lived perennial, fruit production requires a rather long growing season, which limits its agricultural potential in more temperate climates. Like the naranjilla and cocona, S. candidum is best adapted to subtropical cloud forest climates, where frost is unknown, but extreme heat is likewise very rare or unknown. The fruits are round berries, covered in persistent fur even when ripe, to 2 cm in size, which ripen to yellow or red.</p>
V 124 (5 S)
Fuzzyfruit nightshade seeds (Solanum candidum)